Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
932 listings
  • $19,395
    good price
    $2,214 below market
    • 108,648 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • GW Trucks (244 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Jacksonville, FL / 244 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A27HKA84491
    Stock: 12817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,995
    fair price
    $300 above market
    • 98,561 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Ottomatic Motors (418 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Durham, NC / 418 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Sleek Gloss Black Cayenne. In good condition in and out. Drives like a dream, Loaded with many great features like Navigation, Heated/Cooled front sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A24HKA82603
    Stock: 10899
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $14,995
    great price
    $7,254 below market
    • 87,641 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Cherokee Auto Sales (112 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Acworth, GA / 112 miles away from Columbus, GA

    *ALL CREDIT ACCEPTED! COME IN TODAY ****Transportation is available to the dealership. CHECK OUT OUR COMPLETE INVENTORY WWW.CHEROKEEAUTO.COM CALL 7*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A21GLA04000
    Stock: A04000
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-02-2025

    • 140,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • RPM Auto Group (251 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 251 miles away from Columbus, GA

    We offer the finest pre-owned vehicles*Price Includes a $299 processing fee.* Price listed does not include taxes, tags, title, license, registration ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A22FLA60782
    Stock: 1757
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-22-2025

    • 190,000 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use
    • Connoisseur Motor Cars (177 mi away)
    Close

    Located in Chattanooga, TN / 177 miles away from Columbus, GA

    2011 Porsche Cayenne in Black over Tan leather. 190k miles. Local southern car with no rust or major dents. Everything works with cold A/C. No leaks, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A29BLA10054
    Stock: A10054
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $16,999
    great price
    $3,973 below market
    • 94,670 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Vault Atlanta (114 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lawrenceville, GA / 114 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Rhodium Silver Metallic exterior on Black interior outboard front lap and shoulder safety belts - inc: rear center 3 point, height adjusters and prete...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A23GKA11360
    Stock: GKA11360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 77,872 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,595 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A25BLA43260
    Stock: 2004059254
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-16-2025

    • 104,898 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • 4042 Motors (418 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Garner, NC / 418 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A25FLA56676
    Stock: D-5030
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2025

  • New Listing
    $7,499
    fair price
    $346 below market
    • 166,520 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 13 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Car Online (111 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Power Liftgate/Trunk
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 111 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P69LA40538
    Stock: 13363
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 44,034 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (93 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 93 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A2XHKA81648
    Stock: 2004015280
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-28-2025

    • 88,820 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • City Auto Memphis (346 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Memphis, TN / 346 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Vehicle DetailsExperience luxury and performance with the 2017 Porsche Cayenne Platinum Edition, a perfect blend of style and capability. This...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A22HKA81708
    Stock: 510637
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-04-2025

    • 99,010 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Latorre Automotive (299 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 299 miles away from Columbus, GA

    For Sale: 2015 Porsche Cayenne S Luxury, Power, and Performance in One Stunning Package!Experience the perfect balance of luxury, performance, and ver...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A29FLA61234
    Stock: LAT1000430
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-21-2023

    • 76,709 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • The Auto Livery (472 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fairfield, OH / 472 miles away from Columbus, GA

    HUGE $129,440.00 ORIGINAL MSRP!! $23,665.00 IN FACTORY OPTIONS! Super clean and very well cared for Cayenne Turbo AWD with the 500HP 4.8L Twin Turbo V...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC2A22BLA84779
    Stock: BLA84779
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

    • 96,702 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Pars Auto Sales (99 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Stone Mountain, GA / 99 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Visit Pars Auto Sales INC online at www.parsautosales.net to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 7**-6**-7*** today to schedule your test ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A25BLA04218
    Stock: Q320-RR
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-10-2024

    • 223,779 miles
    • No accidents, 5 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • South Tampa Auto Boutique (345 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 345 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A2XBLA48793
    Stock: 2699
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 55,510 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 2,196 miles away from Columbus, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC2A29FLA80640
    Stock: 2004032371
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

    • 138,103 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Veenus Motorsports (393 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Louisville, KY / 393 miles away from Columbus, GA

    PLEASE CALL US AT 5**-7**-3*** OR TEXT US AT 5**-7**-1*** WITH ANY QUESTIONS...PRICED AT WHOLESALE..$15.990..CASH OR BANK FINANCING...EMAIL US...@.*...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A22BLA54006
    Stock: V1222
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-26-2025

    • 148,039 miles
    • No accidents, 6 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Brazil Auto Mall (443 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fort Myers, FL / 443 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AC2A21BLA88354
    Stock: 19
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-20-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 76,000 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Bill Fitts Auto Sales (462 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 462 miles away from Columbus, GA

    Looking for a powerful, luxurious SUV? Feast your eyes on this used 2015 Porsche Cayenne S in striking white. With a potent 3.6L Twin Turbo V6 engine ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A23FLA59365
    Stock: 250283
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 43,817 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax Athens (127 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bogart, GA / 127 miles away from Columbus, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A23HLA53536
    Stock: 27471675
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $11,995
    great price
    $3,230 below market
    • 128,345 miles
    • 2 accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Magic Motors (105 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Snellville, GA / 105 miles away from Columbus, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (19 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A26GLA06194
    Stock: A06194
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2025

Showing 148 - 168 out of 932 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars37 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 37 reviews
  • 5 star
    (76%)
  • 4 star
    (19%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (3%)
5 out of 5 stars

Take The Plunge

Gillman, 05/26/2018
2012 Porsche Cayenne S 4dr SUV 4WD (4.8L 8cyl 8A)
Bought my 2012 S in Sept of 2016 with 45k on the odometer. Bose, 18ways, dubs. Researched local mechanics to see if I could purchase my own parts for installation and there are many former dealer mechanics that understand the logic. Have replaced all filters, and front pads with rotors just to be sure. Change my own oil (you tube). Still running orig. plugs at 66k, it's normally … aspirated and the mpg (17.5 overall) suggests the logic holds, esp. with a smooth idle. Had an X5 for a decade and averaged 16.5 with 225hp and a six, this 400hp eight screams, you can toss your blue pills. I drove the six but a buddy told me to drive the eight before pulling the trigger and I'm still thanking him two years later, for a one mpg difference this bad boy is oh so light it's feet. (n.b. i'm running regular gas only) The Bose is more than you need, you may hurt yourself with it but Floyd never sounded so good. At night on the interstate at 80 with the stereo tuned to your liking you are there, where there is, is your own personal choice but it's probably near your glory days. I have never spent as much time in the 90's inadvertently, you'd best set the cruise. Fit and finish is boffo, rubbed this out with Meguiars compound and waxed it and the metal flake gray is an inch deep, like nothing I've ever owned. I'm a big guy and this thing swallows me whole, don't know about the back seats but my passengers are all smiling. Paid 36k, bought a 4 year bumper to bumper for 3600, piece of mind baby! At the time a new Traverse would have cost me the same, you choose. Screw the bucket list, zip up your big boy pants and get one of these, it's about the day to day . Job leave something to desire, make the drive to and fro nirvana. Later; now I have to go for a drive!
Report abuse

Used 2017 Porsche Cayenne in Columbus, GA Values

Estimated values
2017 Porsche Cayenne Platinum Edition 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$16,292$18,858$20,827
Clean$15,836$18,306$20,190
Average$15,076$17,386$19,128
Rough$14,089$16,189$17,748

The average list price of a used 2017 Porsche Cayenne in Columbus, Georgia is $20,246. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne 2017 for sale in Columbus, Georgia is 108,937. Based on the average mileage of 108,937 for used 2017 Porsche Cayenne for sale in Columbus, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne 2017 in Columbus, Georgia to be $15,076.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.