Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
341 listings

Save with Porsche Cayenne rebates
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • $26,895
    good price
    $2,214 below market
    • 78,225 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Autoworld of Georgia (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Gainesville, GA / 36 miles away from Athens, GA

    Vehicle Overview CLEAN CARFAX! NAVIGATION! PANORAMIC SUNROOF! BACK-UP CAMERA! BLIND SPOT MONITOR! LEATHER SEATS! FRONT AC SEATS! POWER SEATS W MEMORY!...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (17 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2A26JLA61085
    Stock: JLA61085
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-01-2025

  • $29,850
    good price
    $2,237 below market
    • 53,457 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Grand INFINITI of Macon (76 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Macon, GA / 76 miles away from Athens, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A25JKA06653
    Stock: JKA06653
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    $22,000
    fair price
    $83 below market
    • 105,768 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Cobb Motor Co (67 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 67 miles away from Athens, GA

    WP1AA2A27JKA00966 105,768 2018 Porsche Cayenne Sport Utility 4D V6, 3.6 Liter Black Black

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A27JKA00966
    Stock: A00966
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $25,999
    fair price
    $160 below market
    • 76,872 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Atlanta Used Cars (44 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Lilburn, GA / 44 miles away from Athens, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A20JKA07418
    Stock: A07418
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-12-2025

  • $25,999
    fair price
    $1,307 above market
    • 75,730 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Farmington Hills, MI / 587 miles away from Athens, GA

    High Demand,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premium Sound,Satellite Radio,WiFi Hotspot,4-Wheel Disc Brakes,8-Speed...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A25JKA04496
    Stock: JKA04496P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $29,998
    fair price
    $262 below market
    • 39,678 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Duarte, CA / 1,972 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A20JKA02235
    Stock: 27770640
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $24,999
    fair price
    $968 above market
    • 86,255 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Grand Motorcars Kennesaw (69 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Kennesaw, GA / 69 miles away from Athens, GA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A22JKA01524
    Stock: JKA01524
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    $30,590
    fair price
    $1,813 above market
    • 52,593 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 24 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 415 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A20JKA05183
    Stock: 2004008741
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 72,026 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 415 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A26JKA00537
    Stock: 2004083268
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2025

    • 36,637 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,643 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A26JKA02255
    Stock: 2003956141
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-12-2025

    • 65,574 miles
    • Manufacturer buyback reported, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Drive A Dream (68 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 68 miles away from Athens, GA

    WHITE ON BORDEAUX RED! AWD! NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER HEATED SEATS, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, REAR VIEW CAMERA, SMART KEY, BOSE PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM, BLUETO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2AY4LDA39429
    Stock: LDA39429
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-05-2025

    • 134,208 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Cronic Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (71 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Griffin, GA / 71 miles away from Athens, GA

    YOUR SEARCH JUST ENDED CLICK ME! I am the one. The only way to know that I am the right choice is for you to come in and see me, touch me, drive me an...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A20JKA07239
    Stock: U35643B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 44,585 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Gravity Autos Roswell (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Roswell, GA / 56 miles away from Athens, GA

    $15,000 IN OPTIONS! PREMIUM PACKAGE PLUS, ASSISTANCE PACKAGE, 21" RS SPYDER DESIGN WHEELS, ADAPTIVE AIR SUSPENSION W/PASM, JET BLACK METALLIC PAINT & ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2AY8LDA27795
    Stock: CA27795
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-22-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 47,005 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 14 mi est. electric range
    • 5 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Atlanta (63 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 63 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AE2AY1LDA22798
    Stock: 2004034760
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-02-2025

  • New Listing
    • 56,552 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Seaside, CA / 2,161 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,CarFax 1-Owner,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Premi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A21JKA01014
    Stock: JKA01014P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $72,202
    great price
    $12,191 below market
    • 26,503 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Classic Subaru Atlanta (57 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 57 miles away from Athens, GA

    Vehicle DetailsExperience exhilaration in this 2021 Porsche Cayenne GTS—powerful V8 4.0L gasoline engine, AWD performance, and only 26,510 mil...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AG2AY9MDA34337
    Stock: 8219B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

    • 166,554 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 12 City / 17 Hwy MPG
    • Credit Now Used Cars (20 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Leather Seats
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Winder, GA / 20 miles away from Athens, GA

    Your job is your creditvalid georgia drivers license$1700 in verifiable earningsbuy here pay herepoor credit welcomehome of $99 downwe say yes when ev...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    14 Combined MPG (12 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB29P24LA63646
    Stock: CONYERS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-24-2025

    • 23,604 miles
    • Insurance loss reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Drive A Dream (68 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Marietta, GA / 68 miles away from Athens, GA

    LOADED! TOO MANY OPTIONS TO LIST! VISIT WWW.DRIVEADREAM.COM FOR FULL WINDOW STICKER OPTION LIST! AWD! NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER HEATED COOLED SEATS, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: Yes

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AF2AY2LDA39123
    Stock: LDA39123
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    $41,990
    great price
    $5,437 below market
    • 35,543 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Las Vegas, NV / 1,796 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AB2AY6KDA64567
    Stock: 2003683507
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

  • New Listing
    • 54,163 miles
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 2,129 miles away from Athens, GA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A27JKA01342
    Stock: 2004076769
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 52,784 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 17 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from NC to GA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Pineville, NC / 161 miles away from Athens, GA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP1AA2A22JKA07257
    Stock: 27558359
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 127 - 147 out of 341 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars13 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 13 reviews
  • 5 star
    (85%)
  • 4 star
    (15%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
4.63 out of 5 stars

this car loves oil

sc1982, 06/30/2011
2011 Porsche Cayenne S 4dr SUV 4WD (4.8L 8cyl 8A)
I have 12,000 miles on this car, drive it mostly as a sedan (no pulling or racing around). The gas milage is terrific (21mpg around town and 23-24 on hwy). the car performs great, very comfortable and has very good breaking. The problem is that it likes to drink oil.. I have had to put 6 qts of oil in the car so far. > 1qt for every 2K miles. I am not the only one , there are 11 pages … on Renslist concerning this issue. Porche's 24 page service bulletin concerning this problem is also posted. The first 12 basically instruct the dealer to tell the customer {the manual states up to one quart / 1K miles is within normal limits}. REALLY???? until Porsche fixes this issue Buyer Beware
Report abuse

Used 2018 Porsche Cayenne in Athens, GA Values

Estimated values
2018 Porsche Cayenne S 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$24,658$29,357$33,223
Clean$24,057$28,626$32,377
Average$23,057$27,408$30,967
Rough$21,756$25,823$29,134

The average list price of a used 2018 Porsche Cayenne in Athens, Georgia is $35,319. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne 2018 for sale in Athens, Georgia is 65,920. Based on the average mileage of 65,920 for used 2018 Porsche Cayenne for sale in Athens, GA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne 2018 in Athens, Georgia to be $23,057.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius100 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.