Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
2,175 listings
  • $30,995
    fair price
    $1,267 above market
    • 40,896 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Next2New (419 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Sioux Falls, SD / 419 miles away from Appleton, WI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZBT4LH134768
    Stock: 16123
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $25,988
    fair price
    $961 above market
    • 55,438 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Michiana Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram FIAT (212 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Mishawaka, IN / 212 miles away from Appleton, WI

    DODGE CERTIFIED!, ONE OWNER, REAR WHEEL DRIVE, 3.6L V6, AUTOMATIC, 2EL PACKAGE, BLACK HOUNDSTOOTH CLOTH PERFORMANCE SEAT, POWER SEAT, REAR VIEW CAMERA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZJG0NH237211
    Stock: P6996
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • 50,710 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Feldman Chevrolet of Lansing (223 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Lansing, MI / 223 miles away from Appleton, WI

    2022 Dodge Challenger SXT Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price! Certified. Clean CARFAX. Certification Program Details: Type your description here Car...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG3NH258005
    Stock: PBA258005
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2025

  • New Listing
    • Not provided
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Neil Huffman Chevrolet Buick GMC of Frankfort (460 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Auto Climate Control
    Close

    Located in Frankfort, KY / 460 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Black Clearcoat 2012 Dodge Challenger R/T 2D Coupe RWD HEMI 5.7L V8 VVT Tremec 6-Speed Manual *PRICE REDUCED*, *NO ACCIDENTS ON CARFAX*, *LOW MILES*, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDYBT1CH246373
    Stock: PDL0012
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,950
    great price
    $7,370 below market
    • 52,120 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Northstar Auto Sales (245 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Ham Lake, MN / 245 miles away from Appleton, WI

    2021 Dodge Challenger GT 3.6L V6 AWD w/ Automatic 8-Speed Transmission Prior Salvage Title (Front Damage; Replaced Bumper & Headlamps) *52,120 Miles* ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZKG8MH601744
    Stock: 601744
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-21-2025

  • New Listing
    $18,998
    great price
    $4,602 below market
    • 65,500 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • LeValley Chevrolet GMC (182 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Benton Harbor, MI / 182 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Clean CARFAX! Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Blind Spot & Cross Path Detection, Driver Convenience Group, Front Bucket Seats, Front Fog Lamps, High-Inten...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG8MH630842
    Stock: 630842
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-11-2024

  • New Listing
    • 23,421 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Les Stanford Chevrolet (294 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Dearborn, MI / 294 miles away from Appleton, WI

    18 Speakers Premium Audio System, ABS brakes, Adaptive suspension, AM/FM radio: SiriusXM, Apple CarPlay/Android Auto, Auto-dimming Rear-View mirror, A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZC92NH108028
    Stock: 251993A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-05-2025

    • 114,770 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • USA Auto & Truck (174 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Auto Climate Control
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 174 miles away from Appleton, WI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDYAG5CH290798
    Stock: 10615
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-07-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 14,031 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Bob Poynter Buick Chevrolet GMC (390 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Seymour, IN / 390 miles away from Appleton, WI

    *SRT HELLCAT, PURE POWER! Heated & Cooled Leather Alpine Premium Audio*Look at this 2022 Dodge Challenger SRT Hellcat. Its Automatic transmission and ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZC9XNH257724
    Stock: 24G1288C
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2025

    • 20,257 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Vantacar (455 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Owensboro, KY / 455 miles away from Appleton, WI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (13 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZL9XLH182536
    Stock: P182536
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $48,977
    great price
    $8,616 below market
    • 7,884 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Axius Chevrolet (226 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Middlebury, IN / 226 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Clean CARFAX. 2021 Dodge Challenger R/T Scat Pack Widebody RWD 18 Speakers Premium Audio System, 3.09 Rear Axle Ratio, Adaptive Damping Suspension, Au...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZFJ8MH654207
    Stock: 1224B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 32,122 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Phoenix, AZ / 1,462 miles away from Appleton, WI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG4LH188835
    Stock: 2003701452
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

    • 45,330 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Arlington Nissan (149 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Arlington Heights, IL / 149 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Clean CARFAX. Recent Arrival! 2020 Challenger SXT 3.6L V6 24V VVT Triple Nickel ClearcoatPUSH BUTTON START, APPLE CARPLAY/ANDROID AUTO, BACKUP CAMERA,...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZGG7LH185550
    Stock: AN2552P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-16-2025

  • $46,000
    great price
    $8,622 below market
    • 1,693 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl manual
    • Dellen Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (338 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Greenfield, IN / 338 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Certified. Odometer is 7407 miles below market average! Priced below KBB Fair Purchase Price!**CERTIFIED BY CARFAX ONE OWNER AND NO ACCIDENTS**, **N...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZFJXPH581085
    Stock: D10133
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 01-13-2025

    • 21,104 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl manual
    • Don Sitts Auto Group (414 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cuyahoga Falls, OH / 414 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Only 21,000 Miles!!, 276 Watt Amplifier, 4G LTE Wi-Fi Hot Spot, 50th Anniversary Berber Floor Mats, 50th Anniversary Edition, 50th Anniversary Grille ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZBT3LH218919
    Stock: 2919A2
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-23-2025

    • 78,787 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Best of Michigan Auto Sales (303 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Detroit, MI / 303 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Visit Best of Michigan Auto Sales online at www.bestofmichigandetroit.com to see more pictures of this vehicle or call us at 3**-4**-8*** today to sch...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG8LH226485
    Stock: 8550
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $26,855
    fair price
    $943 above market
    • 25,199 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Watermark Toyota (480 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in Madisonville, KY / 480 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Challenger GT, 2D Coupe, 3.6L V6 24V VVT, RWD, Octane Red Pearlcoat, Black Cloth, Watermark's Warranty Forever, Black Fuel Filler Door, Black Grille w...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZJG7LH210794
    Stock: P10525
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

    • 46,866 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carousel Preowned (240 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Iowa City, IA / 240 miles away from Appleton, WI

    Carousel PreOwned is a member of the Carousel Auto Group in Iowa City - Selling the best new and preowned vehicles in the state for over 40 years. Car...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZJG8LH185226
    Stock: D12656
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-21-2024

    • 16,227 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • R.K. Belt & Sons, Inc. (412 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Red Oak, IA / 412 miles away from Appleton, WI

    R.K. Belt & Sons, Inc. Butch Belt, Dane Belt, Kevin Hallquist, 300 E Washington Ave Red Oak, IA 51566 7**-6**-2*** Sales Tax, Title, License Fee, Regi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZFJ3LH230755
    Stock: P23108
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-06-2023

    • 8,560 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl manual
    • Napleton Chevrolet St. Charles (162 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Saint Charles, IL / 162 miles away from Appleton, WI

    The Napleton Auto Group promotes a no pressure buying experience that puts the customer in charge of the buying process, and for over 80 years, the Na...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZFJ8NH175237
    Stock: P560
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-21-2025

  • New Listing
    • 83,134 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 6cyl automatic
    • River Front Auto Sales (486 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Buffalo, NY / 486 miles away from Appleton, WI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (19 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 2C3CDZAG0LH210393
    Stock: 25096
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

Showing 1,072 - 1,092 out of 2,175 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Dodge Challenger

Read recent reviews for the Dodge Challenger
Overall Consumer Rating
4.8 out of 5 stars36 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 36 reviews
  • 5 star
    (89%)
  • 4 star
    (3%)
  • 3 star
    (8%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Can't stop driving it

Orlando T, 05/09/2016
2016 Dodge Challenger SXT Plus 2dr Coupe (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
It has duel identity, it can be your Sunday/show car or it can be your daily driver. This car is an absolute joy to get in. I went with the SXT Plus with Trac Pack. The Trac Pack gives it the same suspension as the R/T model, bigger 20' tires, bigger breaks. This car commands attention in B5, ( classic blue). I have had people knock on my door at home randomly to ask me about it. I am … 6ft 2" and find this to be one of the roomiest cockpits I have ever sat in, not just sport car but all cars. I generally drive no more than 7k a year in any car I have owned. I have owned everything from a Nissan 240sx to a Toyota Sienna. This car I have driven over 1200 miles in 3 weeks. I use every excuse possible to run out and get in it. Milk, shopping, pick up the kids. The kids, this is not a toy car, it is real. Every morning I drop off my 3 kids to school. They have no problem getting in and out and frankly like having there friends say "Dad has a cool car". :) Yes, the Camaro and Mustang are more sporty but I wanted a car that shows its roots in its styling, I can use it on a long drive for a weekend getaway with the whole family, that's 5 of us. (The trunk is HUGE, bigger than my Kia Optima trunk was) and was practical for driving to the train station for my daily commute. This car is fun. Period. Brings me back to why cars SHOULD ALWAYS be driven by humans, not automated robot cars. One thing - Con. Had to go back and mention it, I do get that V8 envy sound sometimes, not the speed but that sound.... oh that sound.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters5Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.