Skip to Filters
Report abuse
1,016 listings
Save with Porsche Cayenne rebatesCheck your savings potential before you buy
- $29,995good price$1,763 below market
- 81,263 miles
- No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
- Auto Buying Service (398 mi away)
Close
Located in Fairfax, VA / 398 miles away from Columbia, SC
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AY6LDA09122
Stock: ABS8464
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-26-2025 - New Listing$46,999fair price$1,614 below market
- 48,010 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 18 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Audi Nashville (356 mi away)
Close
Located in Brentwood, TN / 356 miles away from Columbia, SC
Only 48,010 Miles! Scores 22 Highway MPG and 18 City MPG! This Porsche Cayenne boasts a Twin Turbo Premium Unleaded V-6 2.9 L/177 engine powering this...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AB2AY3LDA27672
Stock: TLDA27672
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 09-13-2025 - Price Drop$54,590fair price$847 below market
- 36,606 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Atlanta (197 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Atlanta, GA / 197 miles away from Columbia, SC
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: Yes
Features and Specs:
19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AYXNDA05660
Stock: 2003995654
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-21-2025 - $43,922fair price$1,022 above market
- 62,111 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 18 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- AutoNation Volkswagen Columbus (248 mi away)
Close
Located in Columbus, GA / 248 miles away from Columbia, SC
Dolomite Silver MetallicPanoramic RoofLeather SeatsNavigation SystemKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis vehicle includes a Money-Back Guarantee* and...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AB2AY3LDA28823
Stock: LDA28823
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-01-2025 - Price Drop$54,500fair price$718 below market
- 40,814 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Napleton's Volkswagen Of Sanford (362 mi away)
Close
Located in Sanford, FL / 362 miles away from Columbia, SC
2022 Porsche Cayenne Platinum Edition Certified by Carfax - No Accidents, Certified by Carfax - One Owner, Android Auto / Apple Car Play, Backup Camer...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AY9NDA06833
Stock: DSW216933B
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-20-2025 - $45,000
- 46,507 miles
- Lemon reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Drive A Dream (203 mi away)
Close
Located in Marietta, GA / 203 miles away from Columbia, SC
AWD! NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER HEATED COOLED SEATS, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, REAR VIEW CAMERA, SMART KEY, BOSE PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM, ANDROID AUTO, APPLE CA...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: Yes
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AY2NDA00596
Stock: NDA00596
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-05-2025 - Price Drop$72,900fair price$525 below market
- 61,890 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 15 City / 19 Hwy MPG
- Auto Collection of Murfreesboro (332 mi away)
Close
Located in Murfreesboro, TN / 332 miles away from Columbia, SC
2022 Porsche Cayenne GTS PREMIUM PLUS PKG, TOWING PKG Listed below are all the window sticker installed option...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
17 Combined MPG (15 City/19 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AG2AY0NDA38424
Stock: A38424
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 09-01-2025 - $58,999fair price$1,595 below market
- 31,686 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Foreign Cars Charlotte (82 mi away)
Close
Located in Charlotte, NC / 82 miles away from Columbia, SC
Very clean 1 owner Porsche Cayenne in Dolomite Silver over Charcoal Black ~ Original MSRP $90,750 ** 21" RS Spyder Design Wheels $3,830 *Exterior Pain...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AYXNDA00426
Stock: CP18271
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 07-24-2025 - Price Drop$88,992fair price$1,191 below market
- 28,111 miles
- No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
- 12 mi est. electric range
- 5 Seats, 16 City / 20 Hwy MPG
- MileOne INEOS Grenadier (418 mi away)
Close
Located in Silver Springs, MD / 418 miles away from Columbia, SC
Moonlight Blue 2020 Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid Turbo S AWD 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic Electric Motor Electric Motor, 18-Way Adaptive Sport Seats w...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/20 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AH2AYXLDA44144
Stock: XP0007A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-30-2025 - $37,695fair price$664 below market
- 60,133 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 5 Seats, 19 City / 23 Hwy MPG
- Asheville Ford (142 mi away)
Close
Located in Asheville, NC / 142 miles away from Columbia, SC
2020 Porsche Cayenne Jet Black Metallic 3.0L V6 AWD 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic4D Sport Utility, 3.0L V6, 8-Speed Automatic with Tiptronic, AWD, ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (19 City/23 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AY6LDA03420
Stock: ASA99076A
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 09-02-2025 - $59,991fair price$572 above market
- 27,328 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Mercedes-Benz of Jacksonville (254 mi away)
Close
Located in Jacksonville, FL / 254 miles away from Columbia, SC
CARFAX One-Owner. Clean CARFAX. Odometer is 11927 miles below market average! Platinum Edition AWDBLUETOOTH Bluetooth is a registered mark of Bluetoot...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AY2NDA06348
Stock: SA1000
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 09-08-2025 - Price Drop$68,994fair price$1,882 below market
- 40,216 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Porsche Delaware (491 mi away)
Close
Located in Newark, DE / 491 miles away from Columbia, SC
PACPO - Porsche Approced Certified Pre-Owned2022 Porsche Cayenne S $86,800CU Leather Interior in Graphite Blue/Chalk $4,180C7 Moonlight Blue Metallic ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AB2AY3NDA31174
Stock: R2688P
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 03-27-2025 - 63,612 miles
- Lemon reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
- 17 mi est. electric range
- 5 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Drive A Dream (203 mi away)
Close
Located in Marietta, GA / 203 miles away from Columbia, SC
AWD! NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER HEATED SEATS, REAR VIEW CAMERA, SMART KEY, BOSE PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM, BLUETOOTH AUDIO STREAMING, SATELLITE RADIO, STEE...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: Yes
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AE2AY8NDA26253
Stock: NDA26253
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-01-2025- Price Drop
- 18,298 miles
- Lemon reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 15 mi est. electric range
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 20 Hwy MPG
- Drive A Dream (203 mi away)
Close
Located in Marietta, GA / 203 miles away from Columbia, SC
LOADED! TOO MANY OPTIONS TO LIST! VISIT WWW.DRIVEADREAM.COM FOR FULL WINDOW STICKER OPTION LIST! AWD! FULL FACTORY WARRANTY THRU APRIL 2026! NAVIGATIO...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: Yes
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (17 City/20 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AH2AY3NDA46112
Stock: NDA46112
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-05-2024 - $99,000fair price$3,203 above market
- 30,549 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
- Sarchione Auto Gallery (476 mi away)
Close
Located in Canton, OH / 476 miles away from Columbia, SC
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AF2AY3NDA44379
Stock: G2737
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 09-04-2025 - Price Drop$72,995fair price$1,773 above market
- 37,394 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 16 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Porsche Arlington (402 mi away)
Close
Located in Arlington, VA / 402 miles away from Columbia, SC
*PORSCHE CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED -Â 2 YEARS / UNLIMITED MILEAGE WARRANTY INCLUDED - 24/HRÂ ROADSIDE ASSISTANCE* MSRP: $108,480 * Total Options: $15,080* E...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
18 Combined MPG (16 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AB2AY5NDA32195
Stock: A32195PA
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 07-29-2025 - New Listing$38,990good price$1,542 below market
- 69,474 miles
- 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 18 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Carvana - Columbus (429 mi away)
- Home delivery*
Close
Located in Columbus, OH / 429 miles away from Columbia, SC
At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: No
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AB2AY1LDA27394
Stock: 2003487847
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 02-13-2025 - $57,784fair price$553 above market
- 40,231 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Porsche Silver Spring (418 mi away)
Close
Located in Silver Spring, MD / 418 miles away from Columbia, SC
2022 Porsche Cayenne finished in Black w/ Black Leather Interior. Equipped with Premium Package Plus, 20" Cayenne Sport Wheels, LED-Matrix Design Head...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AY0NDA01441
Stock: P50245A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 06-27-2025 - $49,981fair price$96 above market
- 50,198 miles
- No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
- 5 Seats, 18 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Porsche Silver Spring (418 mi away)
Close
Located in Silver Spring, MD / 418 miles away from Columbia, SC
2020 Cayenne S finished in Carrera White Metallic w/ Black Leather Interior. Porsche Certified for 2 years/unlimited Miles! Equipped with Premium Plus...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
20 Combined MPG (18 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AB2AY0LDA28407
Stock: P50386A
Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
Listed since: 09-12-2025 - 33,472 miles
- Lemon reported, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
- 17 mi est. electric range
- 5 Seats, 20 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Drive A Dream (203 mi away)
Close
Located in Marietta, GA / 203 miles away from Columbia, SC
CAYENNE E-HYBRID! AWD! NAVIGATION SYSTEM, LEATHER HEATED SEATS, PANORAMIC SUNROOF, ALL AROUND VIEW CAMERA, SMART KEY, BOSE PREMIUM SOUND SYSTEM, ANDRO...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: No
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Issue reported
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: Yes
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
21 Combined MPG (20 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AE2AY5NDA26081
Stock: NDA26081
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 06-21-2025- $64,599great price$5,392 below market
- 16,510 miles
- No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
- 5 Seats, 17 City / 22 Hwy MPG
- Porsche Hilton Head (115 mi away)
Close
Located in Hardeeville, SC / 115 miles away from Columbia, SC
Carrara White MetallicLeather SeatsNavigation SystemKeyless StartRear SpoilerThis 2023 Porsche Cayenne is offered to you for sale by Porsche Hi...
AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary
Accident Free Vehicle: Yes
Personal Use Only: Yes
History Provider: AutoCheck
Title Details: Clean Title
Salvage Vehicle: No
Frame Damage: No
Theft History: No
Lemon Status: No
Free History Report: No
Features and Specs:
19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)
Listing Information:
VIN: WP1AA2AY7PDA10916
Stock: PDA10916
Certified Pre-Owned: No
Listed since: 08-07-2025
Showing 43 - 63 out of 1,016 listings
Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
Read recent reviews for the Porsche Cayenne
2019 Cayenne Hybird, so close, yet so far away...
PorscheFanGuy, 12/09/2019
2019 Porsche Cayenne E-Hybrid 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo gas/electric hybrid 8A)
This is my third Porsche. My other two cars right now are a 2014 Jeep Grand Cherokee Overland Diesel and a 981 Boxster S (manual). The car was leased new and has around 600 miles on it so these are initial impressions.
Lets address the pros first. The car is very fast and handles exceptionally well. When is Sport or Sport + the car accelerates faster than my Boxster S (or at least … feels that way) and handles the curves superbly well. The seats are comfortable and there is a lot of room in the back seat. The battery gives you about 20 miles of range on fully electric which is speedy enough to get you around short errands easily.
Now for the cons. First, my vehicle had an MSRP of around $91K so pretty basic trim. Premium package plus the ventilated seats. But this is still $91K! I compare that against what I got in my Jeep Grand Cherokee (~$45K) and the value is simply not there (even for a Porsche).
Second, the are some pretty bad fit and finish quality issues. The paint is a joke and will scratch and get holes it in as if it were Play Doh. It also has an area where it looks like the paint dripped. How this got through quality control in Bratislava is concerning. I've toured the factory in Stuttgart and it wouldn't have gotten through those guys. I had to get ceramic coating because the paint is so bad and its a lease! There are also panels inside the car that do not align well (e.g., A pillar). Finally, I hear rattles with certain radio songs (at moderate volume) and it just doesn't seem as well put together as the JGC when going over bumps which is nuts to say about a Porsche.
Third, with the government subsidy the e-hybrid is the one to get over the S but if I were buying and not leasing I'd get the base. The hybrid tech is truly amazing (good job to the engineers), its hard to tell when the vehicle goes from electric to gas. However, if I were planning on owning (as opposed to leasing) I'd worry long-term about the impact of the hybrid drive and power train on the engine. The car needs to engage the ICE engine at any time (even if cold) and it will constantly need to go back and forth which is a lot for any engine to handle. The range of 20 very limiting and once its over, you don't have the speed anymore (just the weight). Overall, if you want an electric car, get a Tesla Porsche is just not there yet and the uncertainty of long-term residuals is too much to buy vs. lease. Plus the tech is changing at an exponential rate.
Fourth: Porsche, please go pick up a 2014-2019 Jeep Grand Cherokee and make it a required course for the folks who design your ergonomics. I've had Jeep, Toyota, Nissan, MB, and other Porsches and this is the worst ergonomic design I've ever seen. Simple things like being able to select previous track on the steering wheel, hang grocery bags in the back seats (or rear), and ability to easily control music are impossible in the new Cayenne. The controls look great but I think this car is a step back in this respect relative to the previous generation.
Fifth: The Bose Stereo system is not great. I have a lot of Bose products (e.g., headphones, speakers, stereo in Boxster) and this one is just not as good. It sounds only slightly better than the system in my JGC. I've tried every setting combination, multiple different sources, and even Tidal which streams at more than CD quality. Its just not a great system.
Having owned a couple of other Porsches, this doesn't feel of the same quality. Frankly it doesn't feel special. I think they need to bring the production back to Germany ASAP. Will report back after a few months.
Used 2020 Porsche Cayenne in Columbia, SC Values
Estimated values
2020 Porsche Cayenne 4dr SUV AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
| Condition | Trade-In | Private Party | Dealer Retail |
|---|---|---|---|
| Outstanding | $30,374 | $33,909 | $37,308 |
| Clean | $29,821 | $33,289 | $36,621 |
| Average | $28,900 | $32,254 | $35,477 |
| Rough | $27,702 | $30,910 | $33,989 |
The average list price of a used 2020 Porsche Cayenne in Columbia, South Carolina is $58,044. The average mileage on a used Porsche Cayenne 2020 for sale in Columbia, South Carolina is 44,020. Based on the average mileage of 44,020 for used 2020 Porsche Cayenne for sale in Columbia, SC and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Cayenne 2020 in Columbia, South Carolina to be $28,900.
Filters
Skip to ResultsApplied Filters4Active
Make & Model
Year
New / Used
Price & Payments
Price Rating
Body Type
Trim
Mileage
Accidents & History
EV Details
Engine & Drivetrain
Exterior Color
Interior Color
Total Seating
Edmunds Review
Features
Options & Packages
MPG
* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.