Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
621 listings
    • 30,749 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Covert Cadillac Bee Cave (234 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bee Cave, TX / 234 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    CALL (5**) 9**-7*** This 2023 Black Raven Escalade ESV Sport is proudly offered to you by Covert Cadillac Bee Cave in beautiful Bee Cave Texas. This g...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL1PR532911
    Stock: CP1854
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-04-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,590
    fair price
    $1,454 below market
    • 104,701 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Third-row seating
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,657 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3GKJ6KR236031
    Stock: 2003607499
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-04-2025

  • Price Drop
    $91,025
    fair price
    $1,070 below market
    • 24,723 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Crain Hyundai of Fayetteville (417 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fayetteville, AR / 417 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Recent Arrival!AWD, 16.9 Diagonal OLED Infotainment Screen, 2-Presets Memory For Driver Seat Adjuster, 3.23 Axle Ratio, 3rd row seats: split-bench, 4-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL5PR254795
    Stock: AV9734
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-11-2025

  • $28,297
    fair price
    $583 below market
    • 110,118 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • All Star Kia East (192 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Denham Springs, LA / 192 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Clean CARFAX. Satin Steel Metallic 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive RWD16 Speakers, 1st 2nd & 3rd Row All-W...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ0KR354453
    Stock: PC43764A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-27-2025

  • Price Drop
    $68,900
    good price
    $2,569 below market
    • 51,801 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Patriot Honda (337 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ardmore, OK / 337 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    CALL NOW 5**-2**-1***, We make buying your next vehicle FAST, FUN, and HASSLE-FREE!, We deliver nationwide due to our low prices! Ask us for more info...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL6PR184944
    Stock: PH3265
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • $37,705
    good price
    $1,661 below market
    • 83,104 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Cummins Ford Lincoln (461 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Weatherford, OK / 461 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ1KR149699
    Stock: GC71441
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-21-2024

  • New Listing
    $44,990
    fair price
    $25 below market
    • 59,574 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,657 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJ8KR115033
    Stock: 2003657414
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

  • $117,998
    fair price
    $1,114 below market
    • 30,308 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 11 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Sam Boswell Buick GMC (497 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Enterprise, AL / 497 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Unleash supercharged luxury in the 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV V-Series now available at Sam Boswell Buick GMC! This full-size SUV redefines performan...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SK99PR100263
    Stock: DS0867
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • $127,995
    fair price
    $230 above market
    • 15,033 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 11 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • Gerry Lane Cadillac (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Baton Rouge, LA / 183 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AWD.Dark Emerald Metallic 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV V-Series AWD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 Supercharged

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SK93PR291467
    Stock: 25T4406A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $34,590
    fair price
    $595 below market
    • 89,899 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Billings, MT / 1,338 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ4KR205497
    Stock: 53733BM
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 130,120 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • RK Autos (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Houston, TX / 84 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    RK MOTORS 15006 Stuebner Airline Rd Houston, TX 77069(8**) 4**-6***https://www.rkmotors1.com/

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ3KR129148
    Stock: 129148
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-15-2025

    • 19,353 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 11 City / 16 Hwy MPG
    • BMW of McKinney (264 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in McKinney, TX / 264 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Heated Leather Seats, DVD, 3rd Row Seat, Sunroof, NAV, CONSOLE REFRIGERATOR, All Wheel Drive, Panoramic Roof, Quad Seats, Tow Hitch, Alloy Wheels, WIN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SK97PR165063
    Stock: P1490A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • $38,492
    fair price
    $633 below market
    • 84,800 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Los Angeles, CA / 1,439 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,3rd Row Seat,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Entertainment System,Hands-Free Liftgate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKJXKR254564
    Stock: ZA9254564F
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $82,700
    fair price
    $455 below market
    • 49,039 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Parker Cadillac (340 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Little Rock, AR / 340 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Certified. Black Raven 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum AWD 10-Speed Automatic 6.2L V8 AWD.Recent Arrival!Cadillac Certifie...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL1PR291472
    Stock: 31494A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-21-2025

    • 27,543 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Wagner Cadillac (170 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 170 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    This 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium in Crystal White Tricoat comes with the following features: 6.2L V8 10-Speed Automatic RWD Preferred Equipment...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKL0PR289433
    Stock: PR289433A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-23-2025

  • $78,999
    fair price
    $395 below market
    • 55,872 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 18 Hwy MPG
    • Modern Motorcars (487 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Nixa, MO / 487 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum, Night Vision, Super Cruise, Power Assist Steps w/Perimeter Lighting, 2nd Row Bucket Seats w/Rear Entertainm...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL4PR365998
    Stock: 3444998
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-14-2025

    • 81,481 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Excellence Auto Direct (261 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Euless, TX / 261 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Excellence Auto Direct is proud to present you with another True Market Priced Pre-Owned Vehicle. This 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium is loaded wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ0KR243650
    Stock: 243650
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

    • 83,016 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 7 Seats, 15 City / 22 Hwy MPG
    • Ally Auto Group (257 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Addison, TX / 257 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Drives great, Fully Loaded, Rear seat entertainment, Family friendly, Non-smoker owner, Smooth ride

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: Yes

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3HKJ3HR141909
    Stock: 141909
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 13,546 miles
    • Rebuilt vehicle reported, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 19 Hwy MPG
    • Prosperity Motors (259 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Carrollton, TX / 259 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL9PR378317
    Stock: 378317
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    • 101,147 miles
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 21 Hwy MPG
    • Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine (263 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Grapevine, TX / 263 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    Sewell Cadillac of Grapevine proudly offers this 2019 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4x4 that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technician...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0KR168604
    Stock: 5355985B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-14-2025

  • $32,005
    good price
    $842 below market
    • 124,090 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 7 Seats, 14 City / 23 Hwy MPG
    • Ryan Honda (206 mi away)
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Monroe, LA / 206 miles away from Beaumont, TX

    EquipmentYou'll never again be lost in a crowded city or a country region with the navigation system on this 1/2 ton suv. This Cadillac Escalade ESV f...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKJ4KR207971
    Stock: T16157A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2025

Showing 274 - 294 out of 621 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
5 out of 5 stars2 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 2 reviews
  • 5 star
    (100%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Best of the Best

Tony B, 10/05/2021
2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
Waited six months for my ESV Platinum and it doesn't disappoint!!! Ride luxury power looks size and tech. This vehicle has it all!!! Cadillac is back to making Cadillacs! Lincoln and it's V-6 Navigator cannot come close to Cadillac Luxury and it's V-8 power.
Report abuse

Used 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Beaumont, TX Values

Estimated values
2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$49,569$52,442$55,682
Clean$49,010$51,810$54,966
Average$48,080$50,755$53,773
Rough$46,870$49,385$52,222

The average list price of a used 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Beaumont, Texas is $60,335. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2023 for sale in Beaumont, Texas is 65,239. Based on the average mileage of 65,239 for used 2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Beaumont, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2023 in Beaumont, Texas to be $48,080.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.