Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
423 listings
  • New Listing
    $69,998
    good price
    $3,024 below market
    • 52,699 miles
    • 8cyl automatic
    • CarMax White Marsh (14 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 14 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL2NR247283
    Stock: 26104287
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $41,295
    fair price
    $783 below market
    • 68,705 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Trust Auto (19 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sykesville, MD / 19 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Contact Trust Auto today for information on dozens of vehicles like this Loaded 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium 4WD Luxury 7-Passenger SUV. This Ca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ0LR199036
    Stock: 199036
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-09-2025

  • $24,050
    good price
    $1,712 below market
    • 146,810 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, taxi vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Cartown (58 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 58 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    All our Vehicles goes through VA safety inspection before listing for sales. Fresh oil change and filter (Mobil 1) and all fluids have either been cha...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ5LR169426
    Stock: cti1817
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $61,000
    fair price
    $1,970 above market
    • 57,698 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Farrish Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (46 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fairfax, VA / 46 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Black Raven 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 4WD4WD.Farrish of Fairfax, Stop Clicking and come see us Toda...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL3NR241905
    Stock: PZ12808
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • $36,995
    fair price
    $1,163 below market
    • 84,024 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Auto Trademark (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 56 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2020 CADILLAC ESCALADE ESV 4WD LUXURY EDITIONCall 703-361-6882, Well Maintained, ESV Luxury Edition 4WD, Driver Assist & Awareness Pkg, Loaded With Re...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4LR226182
    Stock: AT17626
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $39,999
    fair price
    $1,054 above market
    • 84,126 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Carget Motors (58 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 58 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    The 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV 4WD Luxury is the epitome of upscale design, powerful performance, and expansive versatility. Wrapped in a pristine Whi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ4LR278914
    Stock: 278914
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-18-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 54,016 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Sport Cadillac (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Silver Springs, MD / 23 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Certified. CHECK OUT ALL THESE GREAT OPTIONS Preferred Equipment Group 1SB (Adaptive Cruise Control, AKG Studio 19-Speaker Audio System, Automatic Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL2NR340053
    Stock: A10441
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-11-2025

  • $37,495
    fair price
    $973 below market
    • 70,745 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, taxi vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Imperial Highline (56 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 56 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ7LR302526
    Stock: 02526
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-08-2024

  • Price Drop
    $75,495
    fair price
    $2,414 above market
    • 49,478 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Cadillac of Manhattan (173 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in New York, NY / 173 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Dark Moon Blue Metallic 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 4WD, 16.9" Diagonal OLED Infotainment Screen, 1...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL8NR223364
    Stock: C3344
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-31-2025

  • $41,000
    fair price
    $1,028 below market
    • 48,763 miles
    • 2 accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Maserati of Monmouth (154 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Ocean Township, NJ / 154 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ6LR174330
    Stock: 174330
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-09-2024

    • 54,988 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Stream Auto Outlet (182 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Valley Stream, NY / 182 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Recent Arrival!2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Platinum Crystal White Tricoat 4WD 6.2L V8* NYS INSPECTION INCLUDED *, * FULL INTERIOR / E...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4MKL0NR296484
    Stock: 5773
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-17-2025

    • 28,495 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Lexus of Towson (6 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Towson, MD / 6 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    CARFAX One-Owner. 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Crystal White Tricoat RWD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8---VERY WELL EQUIPPED---, ---G...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS3KKL2NR228596
    Stock: T2475A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-01-2025

  • Price Drop
    $47,950
    fair price
    $901 above market
    • 37,392 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Suttle Buick GMC (155 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Newport News, VA / 155 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Recent Arrival! 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Luxury Crystal White Tricoat LEATHER, NAVIGATION / GPS, REAR ENTERTAINMENT, GM 172 POINT INSPECTION, PANORA...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4HKJ0LR150928
    Stock: 450101
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

  • $46,977
    fair price
    $1,020 above market
    • 47,212 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Cadillac of Mahwah (180 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mahwah, NJ / 180 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Fresh Oil Change, 4WD. Crystal White Tricoat 2020 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Premium 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8Why should you bu...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (14 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKJ1LR177384
    Stock: C15455XB
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 52,016 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Cadillac of Manhattan (173 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in New York, NY / 173 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Black Raven 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8 4WD, 16.9" Diagonal OLED Infotainment Screen, 19 Speakers, ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4PKL9NR312943
    Stock: C3346
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-31-2025

    • 38,805 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Luxury Motor Club (186 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Franklin Square, NY / 186 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    * MSRP 85,280 * LANE KEEPING ASSIST * BRAKE ASSIST * HILL-START ASSIST * SMART DEVICE INT * APPLE CARPLAY * BACK UP CAM * NAV SYS * KEYLESS ENTRY * 3R...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4JKL9NR226660
    Stock: 226660
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-05-2025

    • 57,023 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Nissan of Hampton (161 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Hampton, VA / 161 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    Vehicle DetailsDiscover the epitome of luxury and performance with this 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum. With 48,559 miles, this veh...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4RKL7NR139919
    Stock: UP139919
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-24-2025

    • 53,556 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Lynchburg Nissan (194 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Forest, VA / 194 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    CARFAX One-Owner. 4WD. Black Raven 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium 4WD 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive 6.2L V8***WE HAVE GUARANTEED CREDIT APPR...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/19 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4KKL5NR124956
    Stock: P18669
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-30-2025

  • $121,999
    great price
    $11,468 below market
    • 17,318 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Country Chevrolet (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Warrenton, VA / 73 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV V-Series Black Raven AWD 6.2L V8 Supercharged 10-Speed Automatic with Overdrive AWD, 4-Way Power Front Passenger Lumbar Sea...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SK97PR180453
    Stock: 50091A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2025

  • $78,870
    great price
    $7,975 below market
    • 16,779 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Holman Cadillac (101 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Mount Laurel, NJ / 101 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    CARFAX One-Owner. Fresh Oil Change, Only buy from the areas #1 Cadillac Certified Dealer! Cadillac Certified Warranty until Call, 172 Point Safety Ins...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4NKL3PR263990
    Stock: PR263990
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 02-26-2025

  • Stock photo**
    $129,995
    great price
    $10,340 below market
    • 18,846 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 8cyl automatic
    • Scott Cadillac (105 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Allentown, PA / 105 miles away from Baltimore, MD

    2023 Cadillac Escalade ESV Certified. Clean CARFAX. CARFAX One-Owner. CADILLAC CERTIFIED, CLEAN CARFAX REPORT, 3RD ROW SEATING, FOUR-WHEEL-DRIVE, Esca...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    13 Combined MPG (11 City/16 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYS4SK93PR100324
    Stock: C11795
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 04-02-2025

;
Showing 22 - 42 out of 423 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac Escalade ESV
Overall Consumer Rating
5 out of 5 stars2 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 2 reviews
  • 5 star
    (100%)
  • 4 star
    (0%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
5 out of 5 stars

Best of the Best

Tony B, 10/05/2021
2021 Cadillac Escalade ESV Premium Luxury Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A)
Waited six months for my ESV Platinum and it doesn't disappoint!!! Ride luxury power looks size and tech. This vehicle has it all!!! Cadillac is back to making Cadillacs! Lincoln and it's V-6 Navigator cannot come close to Cadillac Luxury and it's V-8 power.
Report abuse

Used 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Baltimore, MD Values

Estimated values
2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV Sport Platinum 4dr SUV 4WD (6.2L 8cyl 10A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$59,228$61,693$64,263
Clean$58,439$60,839$63,339
Average$57,123$59,414$61,799
Rough$55,413$57,563$59,797

The average list price of a used 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV in Baltimore, Maryland is $63,694. The average mileage on a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2022 for sale in Baltimore, Maryland is 54,262. Based on the average mileage of 54,262 for used 2022 Cadillac Escalade ESV for sale in Baltimore, MD and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac Escalade ESV 2022 in Baltimore, Maryland to be $57,123.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.