Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
741 listings

$0
Volvo S60 rebates in 48913
Check your savings potential before you buy

  • $21,795
    good price
    $1,526 below market
    • 40,130 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Volvo Cars Of Saint Louis (408 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 408 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Drive Your Volvo S60 Momentum in Luxury with These Packages Sunroof, Bluetooth, Valet Function, Trunk Rear Cargo Access, Start/Stop and Adaptive Shift...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TK3KG007494
    Stock: 364029A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-08-2025

  • $28,360
    fair price
    $701 above market
    • 19,697 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Koons Ford of Falls Church (472 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Falls Church, VA / 472 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Recent Arrival! 2021 Volvo S60 T5 Momentum 4D Sedan Automatic with Geartronic 22/33 City/Highway MPG 2021 CARFAX One-Owner. Osmium Gray Metallic AWD T...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JR102TZ8MG109458
    Stock: 0PB03147
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-02-2025

  • $23,646
    good price
    $1,867 below market
    • 60,633 miles
    • 1 accident, 4 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • BMW of Columbia (477 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Columbia, MO / 477 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TM1KG014624
    Stock: B20058D
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-28-2025

    • 27,141 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Chicago Auto Place (183 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Downers Grove, IL / 183 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Thank you for visiting another one of Chicago Auto Place's exclusive listings! CALL US NOW FOR A FREE QUOTE 630-422-1122 FOR MORE PHOTOS VISIT WWW.CHI...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TK2KG007504
    Stock: H9055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,994
    fair price
    $530 below market
    • 48,925 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Jeff Wyler Honda of Colerain (238 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cincinnati, OH / 238 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TL2KG017605
    Stock: 27T9087
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-17-2025

  • New Listing
    $19,998
    fair price
    $131 below market
    • 75,989 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Lancaster (468 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Lancaster, PA / 468 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TK4KG017287
    Stock: 26937246
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $21,000
    fair price
    $494 below market
    • 59,063 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Koons Hyundai of Woodbridge (477 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 477 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JR102FM6KG005970
    Stock: 0P15308A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2025

  • New Listing
    $27,998
    fair price
    $194 above market
    • 29,176 miles
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Dayton (211 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in West Carrollton, OH / 211 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TL8KG009170
    Stock: 26765063
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 119,095 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Byers Chrysler Jeep Dodge Ram (209 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 209 miles away from Lansing, MI

    2021 Osmium Gray Metallic Volvo S60 T6 Momentum I4 AWD Automatic with Geartronic This Volvo S60 has many features and is well equipped including, 10 S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TK1MG102199
    Stock: J255144A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 35,356 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarMax Laurel (477 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Laurel, MD / 477 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (24 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JR102FM8KG005940
    Stock: 26839382
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 49,063 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Chicago (193 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 193 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TMXKG005601
    Stock: 2003690041
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 35,200 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 2 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • North Coast Mitsubishi - West Cleveland (174 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 174 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TK4KG004345
    Stock: 004345F01
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-04-2025

    • 40,965 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Alan Byer Foreign Auto (479 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Utica, NY / 479 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TK6KG001480
    Stock: Z3324A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-06-2025

    • 31,764 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Action Automotive (481 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Alexandria, VA / 481 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Efficiency Meets Elegance – 2021 Volvo S60 Recharge T8 eAWD Inscription in Denim Blue Metallic at Action Automotive Preowned Cars!Take command of the ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRBR0FL6MG124174
    Stock: P6065
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 68,200 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Golf Mill Ford (167 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Niles, IL / 167 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TK6KG007389
    Stock: 250453A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-15-2025

    • 23,310 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Astorg Pre-Owned Plaza (337 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charleston, WV / 337 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    26 Combined MPG (22 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JR102TL1MG108356
    Stock: V8414A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-01-2025

    • 40,392 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Driveway (469 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Minnetonka, MN / 469 miles away from Lansing, MI

    CarFax No Accidents Reported,Rare Find,Green Vehicle,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Hands-Free Liftgate,Heated...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (28 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRBR0FL2MG122910
    Stock: SCU33539A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 46,824 miles
    • Issue reported, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Volvo Cars Of Saint Louis (408 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Saint Louis, MO / 408 miles away from Lansing, MI

    Discount advertised prices are included with the following stackable bonuses. $1,000 FINANCE BONUS off the Volvo St. Louis sales price when financing ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TM6MG080928
    Stock: 6846A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 12-22-2022

  • New Listing
    • 47,857 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Carvana - Chicago (193 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 193 miles away from Lansing, MI

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    25 Combined MPG (21 City/32 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRA22TL8KG016670
    Stock: 2003693585
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 45,360 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • Kline Volvo Cars (448 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Maplewood, MN / 448 miles away from Lansing, MI

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (29 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRBR0FM6KG018264
    Stock: RV12154
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-19-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,999
    great price
    $3,001 below market
    • 68,049 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 4cyl automatic
    • CarWise Gurnee (169 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Gurnee, IL / 169 miles away from Lansing, MI

    ** Adaptive Cruise Control, ** Alloy Wheels / Premium Wheels, ** Automatic Emergency Braking, ** Backup Camera, ** Blind Spot Monitor, ** Bluetooth, H...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 7JRL12TZ5NG154736
    Stock: GG28121
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-25-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 741 listings

Consumer Reviews for the VolvoĀ S60

Read recent reviews for the VolvoĀ S60
Overall Consumer Rating
3.7 out of 5 stars32 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 32 reviews
  • 5 star
    (56%)
  • 4 star
    (9%)
  • 3 star
    (3%)
  • 2 star
    (6%)
  • 1 star
    (25%)
5 out of 5 stars

The Total Package

Paisa Surfer, 04/22/2019
2019 Volvo S60 T5 R-Design 4dr Sedan (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 8A)
The all new S60 is a wonderful ride, satisfying and sure-footed. So many features come as standard equipment that are only available as upgrades in its competitors (BMW 3 series, Audi A4, AR Giulia, MB C-class), like for example paddle shifters and blind spot monitoring. And the premium package includes equipment that would cost much more in the other brands. My wife and I traded in … our 2017 S60 Inscription for this new R-Design, and this is her daily driver, so we can make a fair comparison to the prior model, which we think is a wonderful automobile. What we notice first about the 2019 model is that Volvo listened to its owners and responded with greater attention to details, like for instance the seat memory buttons. In the 2016, you would have to hold the memory button down while the seat moved to its position (yes, I know, a tedious First-World problem). In the 2019, one press of the button and the seat re-positions (along with the mirrors), letting you do other stuff to get ready and going. The stereo system (600 watts Harmon-Kardon with 14 speakers) is vastly improved and can stand up to just about any other sound system in the segment. The leather seats and the bolstering are incredible and having nappa leather seating hands down is so much nicer than having the chemical odor of faux leather so pervasive in the BMW 3 and Mercedes C classes. The T5 power plant is superb. With butter smooth shifting, almost no turbo lag, and more than enough horses and torque to get up and go, the punchy response and acceleration will please most around town drivers--and the car MOVES gracefully on the highway. The S60 is not large, but feels solid and connected to the road at low and high speeds. Comfort and interior styling get an A+. A tall adult will fit fine in the back seat, having far more leg room than in the BMW 3 series and far more headroom than the MB CLA. The standard panorama sunroof is also a nice feature you won't find as standard equipment in the competition. Even though some criticism has been raised about the large touch screen control interface, it is not an burdensome learning curve to become adept at interacting with the car. Having both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto are also new standard features we really missed in the 2017 model. We do not find the steering to be lackluster or detached from the road at all (as some critics have said), the car is whisper quiet, the suspension and 18 inch wheels soak up urban highways without an issues (also contrary to some reviews), and driver visibility and driving confidence are superb. If you are looking for a compact luxury ride (although it is hard to imagine the S60 as compact), we encourage you to put the S60 on your test drive list. It is uniquely Volvo, like nothing else on the road, a driver's car while at the same time an executive's show horse. Volvo has definitely arrived in the small luxury sedan line-up with a car that meets and exceeds the competition in so many ways. This is a car that lets you run in the pack without running with the pack.
Report abuse

Used 2019 Volvo S60 in Lansing, MI Values

Estimated values
2019 Volvo S60 T6 Momentum 4dr Sedan AWD (2.0L 4cyl Twincharger 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,465$19,993$22,247
Clean$17,025$19,480$21,663
Average$16,293$18,623$20,691
Rough$15,340$17,510$19,426

The average list price of a used 2019 Volvo S60 in Lansing, Michigan is $25,315. The average mileage on a used Volvo S60 2019 for sale in Lansing, Michigan is 48,199. Based on the average mileage of 48,199 for used 2019 Volvo S60 for sale in Lansing, MI and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Volvo S60 2019 in Lansing, Michigan to be $16,293.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

EV Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.