Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
98 listings
  • 97,106 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    4.3L 6cyl
    Cruisin Classics (85 mi away)
    • Standard Cab
    • 6000lb Towing Capaci...
    Close

    Located in Columbus, OH / 85 miles away from Derwent, OH

    Cruisin Classics is proud to present this stunning 1997 GMC Sierra 1500 that we just added to our showroom. This truck is one of the nicest OBS Chevys...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    18 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTEC14M1VZ549614
    Stock: 549614
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-07-2023

  • 164,938 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    8'2” Bed, 8cyl
    Braden Chrysler Dodge Jeep Ram (83 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Upgraded Engine
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Gallipolis, OH / 83 miles away from Derwent, OH

    2004 Carbon Metallic GMC Sierra 1500 SLE 4WD Vortec 5.3L V8 SFI This GMC Sierra 1500 has many features and is well equipped including. Clean CARFAX. ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/17 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTEK14T84E169251
    Stock: P0856A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-06-2024

  • 156,873 miles
    Insurance loss reported, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    6'1” Bed, 4.8L, 8cyl
    Krug Auto Sales (137 mi away)
    • Upgraded Stereo
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Electronic Folding M...
    Close

    Located in Dayton, OH / 137 miles away from Derwent, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Title issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTEC14VX3Z239242
    Stock: 239242
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-10-2024

  • 160,000 miles
    No accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use only
    8'2” Bed, 4.8L, 8cyl
    Pre Owned Car Store (188 mi away)
    • Upgraded Engine
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • 8ft Bed
    • Standard Cab
    • 8000lb Towing Capaci...
    Close

    Located in Bunker Hill, WV / 188 miles away from Derwent, OH

    RUNS GREAT HOW EVER WE SELL ALL OUR VEHICLES UNDER $4000 OVER 10 YEAR OLD AND OVER 100 K MILES AS IS. DEALER PROCESSING FEE OF $499 NOT INCLUDED IN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTEC14V85Z355431
    Stock: 355431
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-11-2022

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    10 Offers Nearby

    2024 GMC Sierra 1500 Denali
    • 6 Colors
    • 1 Trim
    • 6 Packages
    View Offers
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • 233,233 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    6'7” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    Auto Pilot (141 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Upgraded Engine
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • Towing Hitch
    • 6ft Bed
    Close

    Located in Blanchester, OH / 141 miles away from Derwent, OH

    Hurry! This won't last! ***Note this vehicle has not gone through our inspection or service as of this posting. Price may vary after inspection/servic...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTEK14Z86Z136749
    Stock: 136749
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-27-2024

  • New Listing
    231,934 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    6'7” Bed, 4.3L, 6cyl
    Madison Motor Sales (196 mi away)
    • Multi-Zone Climate C...
    • 6ft Bed
    • Standard Cab
    • 8000lb Towing Capaci...
    Close

    Located in Madison Heights, MI / 196 miles away from Derwent, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    16 Combined MPG (14 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTEC14XX6Z128227
    Stock: 14176
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-29-2024

  • Price Drop
    $14,495
    great price
    $2,315 below market
    126,555 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8'2” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    Chillicothe Truck (87 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Chillicothe, OH / 87 miles away from Derwent, OH

    2018 Summit White GMC Sierra 1500 RWD 6-Speed Automatic Electronic with Overdrive EcoTec3 5.3L V8 This GMC Sierra 1500 has many features and is well e...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN1LEC8JZ106846
    Stock: CT-106846
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-08-2024

  • 5,957 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    8'2” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    Toth Buick GMC (73 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Akron, OH / 73 miles away from Derwent, OH

    EquipmentSee what's behind you with the back up camera on this vehicle. Apple CarPlay: Seamless smartphone integration for this 2023 GMC Sierra 1500 -...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GTNUAEDXPG100060
    Stock: 8760G
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 03-26-2024

  • Advertisement
    Also Consider

    10 Offers Nearby

    2024 GMC Sierra 1500 Denali
    • 6 Colors
    • 1 Trim
    • 6 Packages
    View Offers
    *The Manufacturer’s Suggested Retail Price excludes destination freight charge, tax, title, license, dealer fees, and optional equipment. Dealer sets final price. Click here to see all GMC vehicles’ destination freight charges.
  • $21,986
    fair price
    $214 above market
    43,950 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    8'2” Bed, 4.3L, 6cyl
    Community Chevrolet (135 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Trip Computer
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Meadville, PA / 135 miles away from Derwent, OH

    Check out this pre-owned 2014 GMC Sierra 1500 we recently got in. This GMC Sierra 1500 truck is an example of what trucks should be. Reliable. Strong....

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (17 City/22 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN2TEH1EZ233968
    Stock: 23264B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-18-2024

  • $8,900
    fair price
    $305 above market
    190,241 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    8'2” Bed, 4.3L, 6cyl
    Junction Buick GMC (112 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • 8ft Bed
    • Standard Cab
    Close

    Located in Chardon, OH / 112 miles away from Derwent, OH

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN1TEX5BZ414559
    Stock: B414559B
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-11-2024

  • $24,995
    fair price
    $348 above market
    64,115 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    6'7” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    Classic Chevrolet (121 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Mentor, OH / 121 miles away from Derwent, OH

    2014 - GMC- SIERRA - 1500- REULAR CAB - 4X4 - 5.3 V8 - PLOW TRUCK

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN2TEC1EZ412354
    Stock: CM6910A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-10-2023

  • $14,990
    fair price
    $1,968 above market
    61,534 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8'2” Bed, 4.3L, 6cyl
    Wetzel Ford (177 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • 8ft Bed
    • Standard Cab
    Close

    Located in Richmond, IN / 177 miles away from Derwent, OH

    4-Speed Automatic with Overdrive, Dark Titanium Cloth, 17" x 7.5" 6-Lug Painted Steel Wheels, 3.23 Rear Axle Ratio, 4 Speaker Audio System Feature, 4 ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN1TEXXCZ237900
    Stock: ASF90645A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-22-2024

  • 2,488 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    8'2” Bed, 2.7L, 4cyl
    Memorial Highway Chevrolet of Somerset (129 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Somerset, PA / 129 miles away from Derwent, OH

    ***FREE DELIVERY UP TO 3 HOURS AWAY LIFETIME INSPECTIONS***CERTIFIED PRE OWNED*** RARE FIND!!! CLEAN CARFAX!!! 1 OWNER!!! LIKE NEW!!!KEYLESS ENTRY, P...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (18 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 3GTNUAEK4PG101641
    Stock: SP1611
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-01-2024

  • 194,423 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8'2” Bed, 4.3L, 6cyl
    International Auto Outlet (167 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Stability Control
    • 8ft Bed
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, OH / 167 miles away from Derwent, OH

    2010 GMC Sierra 1500 -- 4.3L V6 -- 2DOOR REGULAR CAB 4X4 -- FLEX FUEL -- POWER WINDOWS AND LOCKS ---- BED LINER -- TOWING PACKAGE -- RUNS AND D...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (14 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTPKTEX9AZ169916
    Stock: 27414
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 135,398 miles
    No accidents, 5 Owners, Personal use only
    6'7” Bed, 4.8L, 8cyl
    International Auto Outlet (167 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Engine
    • Alarm
    • Stability Control
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, OH / 167 miles away from Derwent, OH

    2012 GMC Sierra 1500 W/T -- 4.8L V8 -- 2DOOR REGULAR CAB 4X4 -- CLEAN CARFAX -- FLEX FUEL -- POWER WINDOWS AND LOCKS ---- POWER STEERING -- CRUISE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN2TEA8CZ156323
    Stock: 156323
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 114,189 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8'2” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    International Auto Outlet (167 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Upgraded Stereo
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, OH / 167 miles away from Derwent, OH

    2013 GMC Sierra 1500 SLE -- 5.3L V8 - CLEAN CARFAX -- 2DOOR REGULAR CAB 4X4 -- FLEX FUEL -- POWER WINDOWS AND LOCKS ---- POWER STEERING -- CRUISE C...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN2VE04DZ301362
    Stock: 301362
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    119,961 miles
    No accidents, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    6'7” Bed, 4.8L, 8cyl
    Southern Select Auto Sales (84 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Towing Hitch
    • 6ft Bed
    • Standard Cab
    Close

    Located in Medina, OH / 84 miles away from Derwent, OH

    Visit Southern Select Auto Sales to shop our great deals. You can contact us or call 3**-2**-1*** to schedule your test drive today. Air Conditioning ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    15 Combined MPG (13 City/18 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTEK14C27Z580366
    Stock: 6238
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-06-2023

  • Price Drop
    34,879 miles
    No accidents, 3 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    8'2” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    CarMax Dayton - Now offering Express Pickup (147 mi away)
    Free delivery available*
    • Back-up camera
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in West Carrollton, OH / 147 miles away from Derwent, OH

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN1LEC4JZ903563
    Stock: 25272449
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 105,588 miles
    1 Accident, 3 Owners, Corporate fleet vehicle
    6'7” Bed, 4.3L, 6cyl
    International Auto Outlet (167 mi away)
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Stability Control
    • Aux Audio Inputs
    • 6ft Bed
    Close

    Located in Hamilton, OH / 167 miles away from Derwent, OH

    2010 GMC Sierra 1500 W/T-- 4.3L V6 -- 2DOOR REGULAR CAB 4X4 -- FLEX FUEL -- POWER WINDOWS AND LOCKS ---- BED LINER -- TOWING PACKAGE -- RUNS A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/20 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTPCTEX4AZ282055
    Stock: 282055
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • 57,989 miles
    No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use
    6'7” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    Classic Ford Mentor (122 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Mentor, OH / 122 miles away from Derwent, OH

    Classic welcomes you to check out this 2015 GMC Sierra 1500 SLE with only 57,989 miles. This GMC is Well Equipped with Four Wheel Drive, Stability Con...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN2UECXFZ247766
    Stock: F2365
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-20-2024

  • 216,095 miles
    1 Accident, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    8'2” Bed, 5.3L, 8cyl
    Law Auto Sales (189 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Upgraded Engine
    Close

    Located in Wayne, MI / 189 miles away from Derwent, OH

    WE FINANCE!No credit, damaged credit, excellent credit and everything between we can work with. Just give us a call at 734-722-5200 to discuss your op...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GTN2TEC7FZ250893
    Stock: 34054
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 98 listings

Consumer Reviews for the GMC Sierra 1500

Read recent reviews for the GMC Sierra 1500
Overall Consumer Rating
4.6 out of 5 stars7 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 7 reviews
  • 5 star
    (71%)
  • 4 star
    (29%)
  • 3 star
    (0%)
  • 2 star
    (0%)
  • 1 star
    (0%)
3.88 out of 5 stars

99 Sierra Step Side Reg Cab 2w drive

mwcook99, 10/22/2008
1999 GMC Sierra 1500 SL 2dr Regular Cab SB (4.3L 6cyl naturally aspired 5M)
Purchased this truck new in 1999. It now has 205,000 miles. Has been a great, reliable truck. Great tire mileage, got 100000 miles out of the factory installed tires (Generals). Still on the third set of tires. Transmission got hot and had to be rebuilt at 130000, put a trans cooler on to fix that problem. Had a bad lifter at 75000 but a new set is still working fine. No other major … problems. Still looks good, drives great. Only wish it got better gas mileage, 17 to 20 mpg is it with the V-6.
Report abuse
Filters
Skip to Results

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

make

model

Year

to
Year

Condition

Price & Payment

98 cars
|
$17,294 avg. price
$
to
$
Price

Price Rating

Edmunds' ratings are backed by 15+ years of pricing research done by our data scientistsHow are ratings determined?We analyze millions of data points to generate our ratings. We look at vehicle configuration, options, history, nearby transactions, market pricing and more — the ratings are up-to-date and relevant to your search area.

Trim

Truck Details

Cabin Size

Bed Length

Displacement

Mileage

to
Mileage

Vehicle History

Engine & Drivetrain

Transmission

Engine Type

Drivetrain

Cylinders

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Features

Comfort & Convenience

Safety

Engine & Exterior

Entertainment

Options & Packages

MPG

to
MPG

Vehicle Listing Details

* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.