Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
382 listings
  • $21,469
    fair price
    $262 above market
    • 20,280 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ruge's Subaru (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Rhinebeck, NY / 23 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Pure Red exterior and Black interior. Excellent Condition, Subaru Certified, CARFAX 1-Owner. Dual Zone A/C, Bluetooth®, Back-Up Camera, Satellite Radi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GUABC6R8280169
    Stock: U18410
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-30-2025

  • Price Drop
    $20,791
    fair price
    $595 below market
    • 27,319 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (1 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Blind Spot Monitorin...
    Close

    Located in Wappingers Falls, NY / 1 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    CarFax 1-Owner,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Remote Start,Sate...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GTAD69P3709383
    Stock: 621568T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $4,900
    great price
    $2,096 below market
    • 148,000 miles
    • No accidents, 4 owners, personal use only
    • 27 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Infinite Auto Mall (13 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in New Windsor, NY / 13 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GPAA60EH326477
    Stock: SB6477
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $10,819
    fair price
    $206 below market
    • 75,913 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Ruge's Subaru (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Rhinebeck, NY / 23 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Jasmine Green Metallic exterior and Ivory interior. CARFAX 1-Owner. Heated Seats, NAV, ALL-WEATHER PACKAGE/ALLOY PKG/NAVIGAT... Subaru Premium with...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GJAE62EH018478
    Stock: U18493
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2025

  • Advertisement

    2 Offers Nearby

    2026 Subaru Impreza
    • 7 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details. 2026 Subaru Impreza RS shown has an MSRP of $29,495
  • New Listing
    Stock photo**
    $24,990
    fair price
    $430 below market
    • 8,602 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Brewster Subaru (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Brewster, NY / 22 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    *1 OWNER, * CLEAN CARFAX, * 7YR/100K MILE SUBARU CERTIFIED WARRANTY*, *ALL WHEEL DRIVE, * EYE SIGHT, * POWER MOONROOF, *HEATED SEATS, All Weather Pack...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GUAFC0R8857157
    Stock: P3581
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 11-10-2025

  • Price Drop
    Stock photo**
    $14,977
    fair price
    $235 below market
    • 92,068 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 27 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Danbury Pre-Owned Center (24 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Danbury, CT / 24 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GKAM62K3607077
    Stock: V25219AA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2025

  • New Listing
    $10,495
    fair price
    $260 above market
    • 101,443 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • Ruge's Subaru (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Rhinebeck, NY / 23 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Dark Gray Metallic exterior and Black interior. Heated Seats, Sunroof, Onboard Communications System, CD Player, Back-Up Camera, ALLOY WHEEL PACKAGE &...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GJAF67GH017957
    Stock: U18479
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-27-2025

    • 6,812 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ruge's Subaru (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Rhinebeck, NY / 23 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Subaru Certified, Clean, CARFAX 1-Owner. Crystal White Pearl exterior and Black interior. Dual Zone A/C, Bluetooth®, iPod/MP3 Input, Back-Up Camera, A...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GUABC9R8890681
    Stock: U18327
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-05-2025

  • Advertisement

    2 Offers Nearby

    2026 Subaru Impreza
    • 7 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details. 2026 Subaru Impreza RS shown has an MSRP of $29,495
    • 667 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Ruge's Subaru (23 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Rhinebeck, NY / 23 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Subaru Certified, Clean, CARFAX 1-Owner. Dual Zone A/C, Bluetooth®, iPod/MP3 Input, EXTERIOR & INTERIOR AUTO DIMMING HL M..., Back-Up Camera, ALLOY WH...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GUABCXS8234348
    Stock: U18452
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 10-17-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 16,147 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Brewster Subaru (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Brewster, NY / 22 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    *1 OWNER, * CLEAN CARFAX, * 7YR/100K MILE SUBARU CERTIFIED WARRANTY*, *ALL WHEEL DRIVE, * EYE SIGHT. Subaru Certified Pre-Owned Details: * Transferabl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GUABC7R8873183
    Stock: P3533
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 09-08-2025

  • Photos not available
    • 20,285 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Brewster Subaru (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Brewster, NY / 22 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    *1 OWNER, * CLEAN CARFAX, * 7YR/100K MILE SUBARU CERTIFIED WARRANTY*, *ALL WHEEL DRIVE, 4-Wheel Disc Brakes, ABS brakes, Anti-whiplash front head rest...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GKAB66P3603849
    Stock: B15269A
    Certified Pre-Owned: Yes
    Listed since: 10-31-2025

  • Stock photo**
    • 89,285 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Brewster Subaru (22 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Brewster, NY / 22 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GTAC63K3754488
    Stock: B15368A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-30-2025

  • Advertisement

    2 Offers Nearby

    2026 Subaru Impreza
    • 7 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details. 2026 Subaru Impreza RS shown has an MSRP of $29,495
    • 54,752 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Thrive Auto Sales (12 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in New Windsor, NY / 12 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    32 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GKAB67N3606790
    Stock: 606790
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 113,461 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Active Auto Sales (2 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Wappingers Falls, NY / 2 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GTAC63K3712340
    Stock: U2946
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $19,800
    good price
    $2,443 below market
    • 21,506 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    Close

    Located in Troy, MI / 481 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Lane Keeping Assist,Satellite Radio,Heated Seats,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Bra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GTAV69P3720821
    Stock: P3720821PS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $4,900
    great price
    $1,527 below market
    • 143,455 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 27 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Kane Motors (7 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    • Rear Bench Seats
    Close

    Located in Poughkeepsie, NY / 7 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GPAA68CH207895
    Stock: 207895
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-22-2025

  • Advertisement

    2 Offers Nearby

    2026 Subaru Impreza
    • 7 Colors
    • 2 Trims
    • 1 Package
    View Offers 
    *MSRP is subject to change and varies based on availability, trim level, option packages, and retailer-installed accessories. MSRP excludes destination and delivery charges, tax, title, registration, and other fees. Retailer sets actual price. See your retailer for details. 2026 Subaru Impreza RS shown has an MSRP of $29,495
  • Price Drop
    $19,999
    good price
    $3,187 below market
    • 30,272 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 28 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Union, NJ / 66 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Leather Seats,Navigati...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 4S3GTAU65N3716683
    Stock: N3716683P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,500
    great price
    $2,462 below market
    • 142,924 miles
    • 3 accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 27 City / 36 Hwy MPG
    • Automarket (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    • Trip Computer
    Close

    Located in Carmel Hamlet, NY / 15 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    2013 Subaru Impreza automatic power windows power locks power mirrors cruise control air conditioning Bluetooth looks and runs great call 2** 2** 1***...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/36 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GPAA65DH817187
    Stock: 817187
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-17-2025

  • Price Drop
    $21,499
    great price
    $1,534 below market
    • 3,664 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 27 City / 34 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Ann Arbor, MI / 513 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Brake Assist,Lane Keeping Assist,Satellite Radio,Steel Wheels,Power Door Locks,Satellite Radio,Brake Assist,Flo...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    30 Combined MPG (27 City/34 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GUABC9S8290944
    Stock: S8290944A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • $5,995
    great price
    $1,342 below market
    • 173,063 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 28 City / 37 Hwy MPG
    • First Choice Auto (16 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Wingdale, NY / 16 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    Check out this beautiful 2015 Subaru Impreza Limited AWD with only 173k miles! This one-owner car is in spectacular shape inside and out and comes wit...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    31 Combined MPG (28 City/37 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GJAN68FH013125
    Stock: 3125
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-06-2025

  • $4,450
    good price
    $2,775 below market
    • 157,781 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 25 City / 33 Hwy MPG, Manual
    • Automarket (15 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    • USB Inputs
    • Alarm
    Close

    Located in Carmel Hamlet, NY / 15 miles away from Wappingers Falls, NY

    2012 Subaru Impreza sport all wheel drive power windows power locks power mirrors cruise control air conditioning alloy wheels Bluetooth great tra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    28 Combined MPG (25 City/33 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: JF1GPAL61CG216618
    Stock: 216618
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-04-2025

Showing 1 - 21 out of 382 listings
Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius25 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.