Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
84 listings
  • New Listing
    • 18,981 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    • 8cyl Automated Manual
    • Porsche Bellevue (31 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 31 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    Gentian Blue Metallic<br>Dual Moonroof<br>Leather Seats<br>Navigation System<br>Keyless Start<br>Rear Spoiler<br>Agate Grey; Leather Seat Upholstery<br><br><br>This vehicle incl...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AG2A79LL145967
    Stock: LL145967
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-02-2024

  • $79,990
    good price
    $2,055 below market
    • 51,344 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • D&C Motor Company (126 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 126 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    Simply Drive Home. 14-Way Power Seats w/Memory Package, 4-Zone Climate Control, Ambient Lighting Plus, Apple CarPlay, Backup Camera, BOSE Surround Sou...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (21 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AK2A76ML142301
    Stock: P142301
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-25-2024

  • Price Drop
    $63,500
    great price
    $8,546 below market
    • 31,837 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Corporate fleet vehicle
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Bentley Seattle (32 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Bellevue, WA / 32 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    ABOUT THIS VEHICLE 2020 Porsche Panamera 4S AWD 8-Speed Porsche Doppelkupplung (PDK) V6 AWD.21" Exclusive Design Wheels In Platinum SilverSport Chrono...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2A72LL140611
    Stock: P0334
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-12-2024

  • New Listing
    • 14,487 miles
    • No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Free home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,871 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A78LL100973
    Stock: 2003188970
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-02-2024

  • Price Drop
    • 30,245 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Heated Seats
    • Panoramic Moon Roof
    • Backup Camera
    • Keyless Entry
    • Adaptive Cruise Cont...
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 607 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A79LL104188
    Stock: 2003110639
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 08-29-2024

    • 45,285 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Ron Tonkin Kia (127 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Gladstone, OR / 127 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    CARFAX reports this as a ONE OWNER vehicle with a CLEAN history and EXCELLENT Maintenance history! Panoramic Roof, Heated Seats, Back Up Camera, Bluet...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2A79LL140881
    Stock: MPTA0160
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-21-2024

  • New Listing
    • 42,723 miles
    • No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Ontario, CA / 943 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AE2A79LL133419
    Stock: 26149370
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 48,228 miles
    • No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    • 8cyl Automated Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 1,672 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    19 Combined MPG (16 City/23 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AG2A70KL140008
    Stock: 2003182794
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-28-2024

  • $49,870
    good price
    $5,202 below market
    • 67,483 miles
    • No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Platt Auto Group (126 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Portland, OR / 126 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AE2A7XKL124629
    Stock: A241239
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-08-2024

  • New Listing
    $57,990
    fair price
    $3,021 below market
    • 4,845 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Free home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,871 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A74KL100290
    Stock: 2003194241
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-27-2024

  • New Listing
    $50,998
    good price
    $748 below market
    • 58,568 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Fresno, CA / 729 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A74KL101195
    Stock: 26422714
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $55,590
    fair price
    $2,745 below market
    • 57,321 miles
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 1,698 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AE2A79KL124606
    Stock: 2003199930
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-03-2024

  • $34,880
    fair price
    $139 below market
    • 86,340 miles
    • 2 Accidents, 4 Owners, Personal use only
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Auto 206 (19 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Kent, WA / 19 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    Air Conditioning, Climate Control, Dual Zone Climate Control, Cruise Control, Power Steering, Power Mirrors, Clock, Tachometer, Homelink System, Teles...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A78HL102410
    Stock: 02410
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-27-2024

  • $55,998
    fair price
    $1,471 above market
    • 45,845 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use only
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from FL to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 2,517 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A70KL100786
    Stock: 26490276
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 997 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    • 8cyl Automated Manual
    • Quality Auto Center (42 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Lynnwood, WA / 42 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    TRUSTED BY CAR ENTHUSIASTS SINCE 1991. LOW COST NATIONWIDE SHIPPING AVAILABLE! FOLLOW US ON INSTAGRAM FOR EXCLUSIVE INVENTORY UPDATES @QUALITYAUTOSEAT...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    17 Combined MPG (15 City/21 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0CF2A73PL164015
    Stock: 164015
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 43,048 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Charlotte, NC / 2,285 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A70KL101338
    Stock: 2003018354
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 10-02-2024

  • $84,880
    fair price
    $2,635 above market
    • 21,319 miles
    • 1 Accident, 1 Owner, Personal use
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Elliott Bay Auto Brokers (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 36 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    Vehicle Overview *ONE OWNER*, AWD, 14-Way Power Seats w/Memory Package, 4-Zone Climate Control, Ambient Lighting Plus, BOSE Surround Sound System, Dar...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2A76ML139169
    Stock: MAN139169
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-14-2024

  • New Listing
    • 10,887 miles
    • No accidents, 1 Owner, Personal use
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • Leather Seats
    • Front Seat Heaters
    • Panoramic Sunroof
    • Rear View Camera
    • Apple CarPlay
    Close

    Located in Canoga Park, CA / 920 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AJ2A79ML114270
    Stock: 26307161
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 12,196 miles
    • No accidents, 2 Owners, Personal use only
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • Elliott Bay Auto Brokers (36 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Seattle, WA / 36 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    Vehicle Overview *CLEAN CARFAX*, AWD, 14-Way Power Seats w/Memory Package, 4-Zone Climate Control, Ambient Lighting Plus, Assistance Package, BOSE Sur...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/24 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AB2A79ML139277
    Stock: ML139277
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 09-19-2024

  • New Listing
    $51,998
    fair price
    $1,013 above market
    • 49,968 miles
    • 1 Accident, 1 Owner, Personal use
    • 6cyl Automated Manual
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Costa Mesa, CA / 964 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A74KL101276
    Stock: 26194973
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 39,267 miles
    • No accidents, 3 Owners, Personal use only
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from CA to WA*
    • Leather Seats
    • Front Seat Heaters
    • Panoramic Sunroof
    • Rear View Camera
    • Apple CarPlay
    Close

    Located in Palmdale, CA / 900 miles away from Tacoma, WA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: Yes

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WP0AA2A75KL100136
    Stock: 26452314
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

Showing 1 - 21 out of 84 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Porsche Panamera

Read recent reviews for the Porsche Panamera
Overall Consumer Rating
4.2 out of 5 stars26 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 26 reviews
  • 5 star
    (62%)
  • 4 star
    (12%)
  • 3 star
    (15%)
  • 2 star
    (4%)
  • 1 star
    (8%)
2 out of 5 stars

Great! (When its working...)

SadOwner, 12/14/2019
2018 Porsche Panamera 4dr Sedan (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8AM)
I have had the car for 9 months and driven 14K miles... The handling and performance is superb until the transmission can't decide on a gear. Sometimes "reverse gear is unavailable." (It's a Porsche, I don't need reverse). No really, can't select reverse! Electronics remind me of a Christmas tree, there is always some warning light on. Don't worry if one disappears another will take its … place. This is truly impressive. The soft touch doors fail intermittently. Cruise- control cuts out. Alarm goes off. Engine loses drive when turning and crossing traffic,(T-bone anyone?) Traction control is always a bump away... Had a o2 sensor fail. Car would not start. Had a fuel sensor fail, car would not start. So far 4 trips to the shop, totaling 18 days without the car. Buyer reconsider, there are other good looking cars out there that actually work. I am pursuing this vehicle as a Lemon.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Porsche Panamera in Tacoma, WA Values

Estimated values
2020 Porsche Panamera GTS 4dr Sedan AWD (4.0L 8cyl Turbo 8AM) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$67,571$72,906$78,298
Clean$66,160$71,233$76,342
Average$63,808$68,445$73,082
Rough$60,751$64,821$68,843

The average list price of a used 2020 Porsche Panamera in Tacoma, Washington is $69,486. The average mileage on a used Porsche Panamera 2020 for sale in Tacoma, Washington is 37,201. Based on the average mileage of 37,201 for used 2020 Porsche Panamera for sale in Tacoma, WA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Porsche Panamera 2020 in Tacoma, Washington to be $63,808.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

Condition

Price & Payment

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Vehicle History

Electric Vehicle Details

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Expert OpinionsThe Edmunds Vehicle Testing Team evaluates a fresh batch of vehicles every week, pairing objective assessments at our test track with real-world driving on city streets, freeways and winding roads. The data we gather results in our Expert Ratings. They’re based on 30-plus scores that cover every aspect of the automotive experience.

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Vehicle Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.