Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
132 listings
  • New Listing
    • 48,789 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 20 City / 27 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 725 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF54LA005607
    Stock: 2003636201
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-29-2025

  • $25,995
    fair price
    $448 above market
    • 74,155 miles
    • 2 accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Lease Return Center (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Triangle, VA / 117 miles away from Newport News, VA

    --WOW!! RS5 LOOK ALIKE--CUSTOM WHEELS--PERFORMANCE EXHAUST--LOTS OF UPGRADED!!!--SUPER CLEAN!!!--VERY VERY SHARP LOOKING S5!!!!--LOOKS RUNS AND SOUNDS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF55JA062475
    Stock: 06247
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 65,508 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • DealHunter Autos (115 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Stafford, VA / 115 miles away from Newport News, VA

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF59JA039538
    Stock: 039538WS
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 44,346 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,908 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/27 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUP4AF52LA015008
    Stock: 2003710213
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-18-2025

  • New Listing
    • 18,702 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Koons Clarksville Chevy GMC (154 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Clarksville, MD / 154 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Bluetooth, Alarm System w/Motion Sensor, Audi Advanced Key, Audi Side Assist w/Pre Sense Rear, Auto-Dimming Exterior Mirrors, Convenience Package, Dri...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUA4CF57NA032049
    Stock: KCCP220167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 111,710 miles
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Automan Empire (103 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Fredericksburg, VA / 103 miles away from Newport News, VA

    2018 AUDI S5 Premium Plus Sedan 4D with powerful V6, Turbo, 3.0 Liter engine and driven only 111710 miles! Fully loaded and much more! CARFAX CERTIFIE...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF56JA082486
    Stock: 082486
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 46,071 miles
    • Frame damage reported, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Lease Return Center (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Triangle, VA / 117 miles away from Newport News, VA

    --CARFAX CERTIFIED WITH ONLY 46K MILES!!!!--GORGEOUS BLUE CONVERTIBLE S5 PREMIUM PLUS--LOADED WITH EVERY OPTIONS!!!!--VERY CLEAN AND SHARP LOOKING S5-...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Issue reported

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: Yes

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUY4GF57JN002901
    Stock: 02901
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 79,915 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Kargar Motors (133 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Manassas, VA / 133 miles away from Newport News, VA

    BUYING A CAR HAS NEVER BEEN THIS EASY.We specialize in 100% GUARANTEED APPROVAL. BAD CREDIT, NO CREDIT, BANKRUPTCY, REPO, FORECLOSURE...NO PROBLEM. NO...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF51NA023825
    Stock: KMM13144
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    • 37,695 miles
    • 6cyl automatic
    • CarMax Brandywine (117 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Brandywine, MD / 117 miles away from Newport News, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (20 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAU24GF51JN012264
    Stock: 27226674
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 62,503 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • NextGear Motors (147 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Raleigh, NC / 147 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Experience refined performance and cutting-edge technology with the 2018 Audi S5 3.0T Prestige quattro. This sleek and athletic coupe is powered by a ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF51JA108206
    Stock: 15969B069
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 01-08-2025

  • Price Drop
    $51,500
    great price
    $2,144 below market
    • 41,117 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Koons Volvo Cars of White Marsh (163 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in White Marsh, MD / 163 miles away from Newport News, VA

    ****BALANCE OF FACTORY WARRANTY STILL APPLIES*****Prestige Pkg**Heated Leather**B&O Audio**Backup Camera*Great Local Trade 2023 Audi S5 3.0T Presti...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    23 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUY4GF5XPN001654
    Stock: 0004796A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 04-12-2025

  • New Listing
    $52,898
    fair price
    $433 below market
    • 18,244 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Volvo Cars Of Frederick (173 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Frederick, MD / 173 miles away from Newport News, VA

    2023 Audi S5 Sportback Prestige quattro Mythos Black Metallic MARYLAND STATE INSPECTED/MSI, AUDI CERTIFIED PRE-OWNED/CPO, LOCAL TRADE, ONE OWNER CLEAN...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF5XPA058491
    Stock: T058491
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-05-2025

    • 36,308 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Tampa, FL / 717 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/29 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUY4GF57KN008246
    Stock: 2003763473
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-28-2025

  • New Listing
    • 18,816 miles
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from TX to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 1,299 miles away from Newport News, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF5XKA048444
    Stock: 27444497
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • New Listing
    $49,990
    fair price
    $971 above market
    • 22,570 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana - Richmond (78 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Richmond, VA / 78 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF52PA010987
    Stock: 2003775075
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 33,371 miles
    • 1 accident, 3 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • CarMax (In-stock online)
    • Transfer available from PA to VA*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Easton, PA / 263 miles away from Newport News, VA

    CarMax values transparency and wants you to love your next car, not settle on it. Certain vehicles may have unrepaired safety recalls. Check nhtsa.gov...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF58KA065013
    Stock: 27263899
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    $43,500
    fair price
    $85 below market
    • 34,253 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Auto Giants Nissan (120 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Woodbridge, VA / 120 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Summer is Heating Up!2023 Audi S5 Sportback Premium Plus quattro Mythos Black MetallicKEY FEATURES INCLUDED:, AWD, APPLE CARPLAY, ANDROID AUTO, TOUCHS...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUC4CF54PA006603
    Stock: G2167
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-08-2025

  • New Listing
    • 53,941 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, OH / 418 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF52KA016227
    Stock: 2003711915
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 54,031 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Freehold, NJ / 253 miles away from Newport News, VA

    Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Blind Spot Monitor,Brake Assist,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Leather Seats,Navigation System,Satellite Radio,Sunr...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF50KA071193
    Stock: S9002022TA
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

  • Price Drop
    • 12,232 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use
    • 6cyl automatic
    • Lexus of Wilmington (195 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    Close

    Located in Wilmington, DE / 195 miles away from Newport News, VA

    **1 OWNER****CLEAN CARFAX****AUTOMATIC EMERGENCY BRAKING****BANG & OLUFSEN SOUND SYSTEM****ADAPTIVE CRUISE CONTROL**quattro 8-Speed Automatic wi...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUP4AF54PA059114
    Stock: RP059114
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-29-2025

  • New Listing
    • 28,357 miles
    • 21 City / 30 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 725 miles away from Newport News, VA

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary Unavailable.

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/30 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: WAUB4CF59KA094892
    Stock: 2003805387
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

Showing 22 - 42 out of 132 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Audi S5

Read recent reviews for the Audi S5
Overall Consumer Rating
4.5 out of 5 stars43 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 43 reviews
  • 5 star
    (79%)
  • 4 star
    (7%)
  • 3 star
    (2%)
  • 2 star
    (9%)
  • 1 star
    (2%)
5 out of 5 stars

Screaming fast. Fantastic fun

Mark J, 01/19/2019
2018 Audi S5 Premium Plus quattro 2dr Coupe AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A)
5th update: 54,000 miles and 7.5 years. Still love this car. 4th update: 49,000 miles and almost 7 years. Still love this car. 3rd update: Not change, but needing breaks at 38,000 seems too soon when about 70% of the miles are highway miles. 2nd update: Just turned 36k miles and still love the car. Just replaced tires. I learned that Audi uses a bit of negative camber (helps … with cornering) which causes the tires to wear on the inside at a faster rate than normal. Hence, be sure to get the treadwear guarantee and rotate tires to get a healthy credit toward the new tires. Update: After 4+ years of ownership I still love this car. Everything below is still valid. Total mileage after 4.75 years of ownership is about 32,000 I've put 12k miles on the car and have not had any troubles. The dealer support for a condenser that was perforated by a rock was above and beyond. The car is blazing fast. Way better than my G35 or 530 ever were. The S5 is also more refined than those cars too. Since I drive 80 - 85 on the highway, when I need to pass and punch the gas it jumps to 100 almost instantly. Acceleration to 60 is also terrific. Road holding (I have the optional split differential) is incredible. A corner that I could never get past 37 in the G35 I've already done effortlessly at 55 in the S5. I'd try it faster, but there is not enough road to get the speed any higher. I've taken the car on an 850 mile one day drive and found it to be extremely comfortable (I'm 6'0 and 200 pounds). Fuel economy on that road trip was 30 MPG. Around town which is a mix of city/highway mpg is 22. This is based on using premium grade fuel. In regards to the turbo lag, I have found it to be almost imperceptible when the transmission is in sport mode. I basically keep it in sport until I reach a road where I can cruise at a steady speed. Oh, and the car gets plenty of looks. Its a work of art.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Audi S5 in Newport News, VA Values

Estimated values
2020 Audi S5 Premium Plus 4dr Hatchback AWD (3.0L 6cyl Turbo 8A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$31,750$34,083$36,348
Clean$30,955$33,182$35,337
Average$29,629$31,681$33,653
Rough$27,907$29,729$31,463

The average list price of a used 2020 Audi S5 in Newport News, Virginia is $38,346. The average mileage on a used Audi S5 2020 for sale in Newport News, Virginia is 44,887. Based on the average mileage of 44,887 for used 2020 Audi S5 for sale in Newport News, VA and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Audi S5 2020 in Newport News, Virginia to be $29,629.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius200 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.