Skip to main content
Skip to Filters
798 listings
    • 107,119 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 21 City / 28 Hwy MPG
    • Driveway (301 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Upgraded Headlights
    • Power Driver Seat
    Close

    Located in League City, TX / 301 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CarFax 1-Owner,Rare Find,Apple CarPlay,Back-Up Camera,Bluetooth,Heated Seats,Keyless Start,Lane Keeping Assist,Premium Sound,Remote Start,Satellite Ra...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    24 Combined MPG (21 City/28 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNAR48LZ215125
    Stock: LZ215125P
    Certified Pre-Owned: No

    • 23,199 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Carvana - Dallas (400 mi away)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Dallas, TX / 400 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS5LZ115693
    Stock: 2003841766
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

    • 77,959 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Henna Chevrolet (225 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 225 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Radio: Cadillac User Experience w/Embedded Nav (Bose Performance Series 14 Speakers System and Light Pipes in Doors Lighting Accent), Sport Package 1S...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    20 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNGRS4LZ180360
    Stock: LZ180360
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-23-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 28,619 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Chicago, IL / 1,188 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNGRS6JZ209628
    Stock: 2003842761
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-02-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 44,564 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Salt Lake City, UT / 1,154 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS4JZ226202
    Stock: 2003775001
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 79,066 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Jack O Diamonds Lincoln (415 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Tyler, TX / 415 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Experience the epitome of luxury and performance with this stunning 2018 Cadillac XT5 Luxury FWD! This exquisite SUV seamlessly blends sophistication ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS5JZ148474
    Stock: 25NTL20A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-06-2025

  • New Listing
    • 79,281 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Sacramento, CA / 1,473 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERSXJZ116194
    Stock: 2003872256
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-10-2025

  • New Listing
    • 94,483 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Hamsmith Motor Company (443 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lubbock, TX / 443 miles away from Laredo, TX

    2018 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury JZ233012

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERS4JZ233012
    Stock: 233012
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-07-2025

  • New Listing
    • 49,790 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Atlanta, GA / 994 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS7JZ219528
    Stock: 2003812498
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-13-2025

  • New Listing
    • 66,649 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Sterling Premium Select Broussard (491 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Broussard, LA / 491 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Sunroof, Navigation, Heated Seats, Rear Air, Panoramic Roof, Alloy Wheels, CADILLAC USER EXPERIENCE WITH EMBEDDED NAVIGATION, AM/FM STEREO, AUDIO SYST...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS3JZ248024
    Stock: A5395X
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 02-23-2025

    • 80,565 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Richard Karr Buick GMC (310 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Waco, TX / 310 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Contact Richard Karr Motors today for information on dozens of vehicles like this 2018 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury FWD. The Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxur...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERS2JZ197210
    Stock: 103791A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-21-2024

    • 49,179 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, rental vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Bayer Motor Company (308 mi away)
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Comanche, TX / 308 miles away from Laredo, TX

    CARFAX One-Owner. Radiant Silver Metallic 2020 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury AWD 9-Speed Automatic 3.6L V6 DI VVTCall us directly at 1-844-695-6060! Del...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRS7LZ123004
    Stock: 54658
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-25-2025

  • New Listing
    • 53,338 miles
    • No accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • MINI of Plano (416 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Plano, TX / 416 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Sewell BMW MINI of Plano proudly offers this 2018 Cadillac XT5 Front Wheel Drive that has been professionally inspected by one of our Sewell technicia...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRSXJZ153766
    Stock: 5248084A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-04-2025

  • New Listing
    • 79,703 miles
    • 1 accident, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Gunn Acura (152 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in San Antonio, TX / 152 miles away from Laredo, TX

    Call Gunn Acura at 210-600-5669 to see this vehicle and have a great experience today!Recent Arrival! Odometer is 26530 miles below market average!Rad...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARS8JZ215752
    Stock: AA11014A
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-09-2025

  • New Listing
    • 143,868 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Javy Auto Sales Cleveland (331 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Cleveland, TX / 331 miles away from Laredo, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARS3JZ145819
    Stock: 145819
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 03-20-2025

  • New Listing
    • 101,291 miles
    • No accidents, 3 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Wolko Auto Sales (389 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    • Power Driver Seat
    • Tire Pressure Warnin...
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 389 miles away from Laredo, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNARSXJZ247814
    Stock: 247814
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-19-2025

  • New Listing
    • 125,389 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Eagle Motors (436 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Lubbock, TX / 436 miles away from Laredo, TX

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS0JZ150827
    Stock: 4647
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 05-15-2025

    • 26,914 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, corporate fleet vehicle
    • 5 Seats
    • Kia of North Austin (205 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Austin, TX / 205 miles away from Laredo, TX

    2020 Crystal White Tricoat Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury 3.6L V6 DI VVT 9-Speed Automatic FWDOdometer is 35464 miles below market average! 18/26 City...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: No

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS7LZ145627
    Stock: LZ145627T
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 06-28-2025

  • Price Drop
    • 22,943 miles
    • 2 accidents, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 18 City / 25 Hwy MPG
    • Carvana (In-stock online)
    • Home delivery*
    • AWD/4WD
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    Close

    Located in Indianapolis, IN / 1,141 miles away from Laredo, TX

    At Carvana, we go miles beyond the extra mile. That's why we provide you with a convenient, fast, and hassle-free car buying experience that puts you ...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    21 Combined MPG (18 City/25 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNDRSXJZ247720
    Stock: 2003849564
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-07-2025

    • 126,080 miles
    • 1 accident, 1 owner, personal use only
    • 5 Seats, 19 City / 26 Hwy MPG
    • Ikoon Auto Sales (389 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Navigation
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 389 miles away from Laredo, TX

    2018 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury Sport Utility 4D IKOON AUTO SALES Fort Worth, TX Call us at 6*** Browse inventory & apply: ikoonautosales.com (Sele...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: No

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    22 Combined MPG (19 City/26 Highway)

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNERS8JZ126139
    Stock: 126139
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 11-07-2023

  • New Listing
    • 85,861 miles
    • No accidents, 2 owners, personal use
    • 5 Seats
    • Vandergriff Hyundai (385 mi away)
    • Back-up camera
    • Bluetooth
    • Leather Seats
    • Sunroof/Moonroof
    • Keyless Entry/Start
    Close

    Located in Arlington, TX / 385 miles away from Laredo, TX

    ? 2020 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury Sophistication Meets Performance VIN: 1GYKNCRS6LZ233715 Now Available at Vandergriff Hyundai | Arlington, TX Lookin...

    AutoCheck Vehicle History Summary

    Accident Free Vehicle: Yes

    Personal Use Only: Yes

    History Provider: AutoCheck

    Title Details: Clean Title

    Salvage Vehicle: No

    Frame Damage: No

    Theft History: No

    Lemon Status: No

    Free History Report: No

    Features and Specs:

    Listing Information:

    VIN: 1GYKNCRS6LZ233715
    Stock: LZ233715
    Certified Pre-Owned: No
    Listed since: 07-17-2025

Showing 127 - 147 out of 798 listings

Consumer Reviews for the Cadillac XT5

Read recent reviews for the Cadillac XT5
Overall Consumer Rating
4 out of 5 stars41 Reviews
Write a vehicle reviewSee all 41 reviews
  • 5 star
    (54%)
  • 4 star
    (17%)
  • 3 star
    (12%)
  • 2 star
    (5%)
  • 1 star
    (12%)
5 out of 5 stars

Exceptional Vehicle

Afam Naper (pen name), 02/04/2018
2018 Cadillac XT5 Premium Luxury 4dr SUV AWD (3.6L 6cyl 8A)
I love my XT5. I am in my mid-forties and never thought I would be so car crazy. This vehicle is perfect. Lots of tech features. Some of the things I have been pleasantly surprised by is the visibility and handling in bad weather conditions and at night. I also like the ability to switch transmission from front wheel, AWD, and sport mode. Sport mode is fun and it gives a little … mid-life crisis sport car feel or at least as close as you can get when trying to be practical with a family of 5. I live in the Midwest and so deal with the four seasons. This car cruises through them all. If I had only one complaint is the start/stop feature and gas mileage - not great. I am completely used to it, but prefer it didn't have it and perhaps a bit better on gas. I looked at all the luxury models and this had the best combination of styling, technology, comfort, and overall handling. Wife loves the vehicle and the kids love the vehicle which isn't easy since all of them have their opinions and different preferences. I have been in a number of accidents unfortunately and the safety features make me feel really safe. I cannot recommend this SUV enough. I also think the styling competes and in some cases out class it's foreign competitors and brings something that is uniquely American to it.
Report abuse

Used 2020 Cadillac XT5 in Laredo, TX Values

Estimated values
2020 Cadillac XT5 Luxury 4dr SUV (2.0L 4cyl Turbo 9A) with no options
ConditionTrade-InPrivate PartyDealer Retail
Outstanding$17,069$19,597$22,027
Clean$16,758$19,238$21,622
Average$16,240$18,640$20,946
Rough$15,567$17,863$20,068

The average list price of a used 2020 Cadillac XT5 in Laredo, Texas is $24,247. The average mileage on a used Cadillac XT5 2020 for sale in Laredo, Texas is 73,612. Based on the average mileage of 73,612 for used 2020 Cadillac XT5 for sale in Laredo, TX and using an average vehicle condition rating, which means the vehicle may have a few mechanical and/or cosmetic problems and may require a considerable amount of reconditioning, we appraise the average trade-in value of a used Cadillac XT5 2020 in Laredo, Texas to be $16,240.

Filters
Skip to Results

Applied Filters4Active

Select Buying Experience

Location

Search radius500 miles
Search radius

Make & Model

Year

New / Used

Price & Payments

Price Rating

Body Type

Trim

Mileage

Accidents & History

Engine & Drivetrain

Exterior Color

Interior Color

Total Seating

Edmunds Review

Features

Options & Packages

MPG

Listing Details


* Delivery of any kind does not apply to Alaska and Hawaii. Contact the dealer for delivery details, restrictions and costs.